Construction and Validation of a Multiple-Choice Measure of Moral Reasoning

Gibbs, John C.; Arnold, Kevin D.; Morgan, Rick; Schwartz, Elliot; Gavaghan, Mary; Tappan, Mark B.

doi:10.2307/1129963

Cited by 68 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Gibbs' Socio‐Moral Reflection Measure – Short Form (SMR‐SF) – presents moral statements and asks subjects to describe why a moral act may be important to them. For instance: “Keeping promises is important because …”, or “Helping one's friend is important because …” Gibbs has written an extensive reference manual to aid in categorizing responses into moral maturity levels (Gibbs et al, 1990, 1992).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gibbs details four stages of moral reasoning: (1) unilateral and physicalistic – rules determine your behavior; (2) exchanging and instrumental – a consideration of consequences determines your actions; (3) mutual and pro‐social – concern for the integrity of the individual determines your actions; and (4) systemic and standard – concern for the larger societal consequences and benefits of your actions. More abstract levels of moral reasoning emerge developmentally and parallel growth in cognitive development, and in self‐development (Gibbs et al, 1990, 1992).…”

Section: Moral Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Higher psycho‐physiological refinement in world‐class Norwegian athletes: brain measures of performance capacity

Harung

Travis

Pensgaard

et al. 2011

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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This study tested the hypothesis that the degree of psycho-physiological development is related to performance level in world-class athletes. We compared physiological and psychological patterns of 33 Norwegian world-class athletes to patterns in 33 average performing athletes. The subjects were matched for gender, age, and type of sport. Electroencephalography activity was recorded to measure brain integration; skin conductance was recorded to measure habituation to a loud stimulus; and paper-and-pencil tests were given to assess self-development, moral development, and frequency of peak experiences. A factor analysis (varimax rotation) reduced the eight variables to three factors that together accounted for 65.3% of the total variance: (1) physiological integration--brain integration and habituation rates, (2) self- and moral development, and (3) peak experiences. A MANOVA conducted on the factor scores showed a significant main effect for the experimental group collapsing across the three factors (P<0.0001). Individual ANOVAs showed significantly higher values for development (P=0.021) and physiological integration (P<0.0001) factor scores for the world-class athletes. The above measures can be seen as different expressions of an underlying dimension--human development. These data support the concept that higher psycho-physiological growth underlies higher performance.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Moral Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher psycho‐physiological refinement in world‐class Norwegian athletes: brain measures of performance capacity

Harung

Travis

Pensgaard

et al. 2011

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…They have also incorporated two moral types A and B to complement their framework. This Moral Type A and B moral orientation is based on a prior innovation of Kohlberg (1984). In short both a Moral Type A and B response at stage 3 or 4 is evidence of a morally mature judgment.…”

Section: Neil Ferguson Frances Mclemon and Ed Cairnsmentioning

confidence: 94%

The Sociomoral Reflection Measure — Short Form: an examination of its reliability and validity in a Northern Irish setting

Ferguson

McLernon

Cairns

1994

Brit J of Edu Psychol

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Gibbs, Basinger & Fuller (1992) have developed a new production measure to examine moral judgment, the Sociomoral Reflection Measure Short Form (SRM‐SF). The validity and reliability of this measure have been established using a North American sample only. This study investigates the test‐retest reliability, internal consistency, convergent validity and concurrent validity of this US production measure using Northern Irish children and young people. The SRM‐SF showed a high level of test‐retest reliability and an acceptable level of internal consistency, along with acceptable validity indicating that the measure is suitable for use in a British or Irish setting.

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“…Higher levels of moral reasoning require a larger context for decision making, such as the effect of actions on others, on the immediate environment and on society at large. Higher moral reasoning is correlated with higher levels of ego or self‐development and with cognitive development (Gibbs et al., ).…”

Section: Importance Of Mental Attributes In Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental and physical attributes defining world‐class Norwegian athletes: Content analysis of interviews

Boes

Harung

Travis

et al. 2012

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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This study reports the results of a content analysis of interviews with 28 Norwegian world-class athletes and 28 controls, matched for gender, age, and type of sport. Semi-structured interviews explored their perceptions of their best performance. The interviews were analyzed using the ATLAS.ti and yielded 20 higher-order codes. Nine higher-order codes were categorized as inner-oriented, five were categorized as outer-oriented, and six were a combination of inner- and outer-oriented. Statistical analysis, using the Mann-Whitney test, showed significant group differences for seven higher-order codes: (a) two outer-oriented codes relating to "mastery--achievements" and "training--outer"; and (b) five inner-oriented codes relating to "mental preparation," "self-reliance," "training--inner," "wholeness," "performance--inner," and "growth orientation." These findings highlight the importance of both inner- and outer-oriented development for high-level achievement in sports--the "mental game" is as important as the physical game, both during training and competitions. Previously published quantitative data reported higher levels of brain integration, faster habitation to a loud tone, and higher ego and moral development in these world-class athletes. These findings are interpreted in light of a Unified Theory of Performance, which proposes that higher mind-brain development provides a basis for higher performance in any activity.

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Construction and Validation of a Multiple-Choice Measure of Moral Reasoning

Cited by 68 publications

References 0 publications

Higher psycho‐physiological refinement in world‐class Norwegian athletes: brain measures of performance capacity

Higher psycho‐physiological refinement in world‐class Norwegian athletes: brain measures of performance capacity

The Sociomoral Reflection Measure — Short Form: an examination of its reliability and validity in a Northern Irish setting

Mental and physical attributes defining world‐class Norwegian athletes: Content analysis of interviews

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