Zhundong coal is known for its high content of alkali
and alkaline
earth metals (AAEMs), which greatly influences coal processing and
utilization. To reveal the occurrence modes and the effect of AAEM
ions on the molecular structures of Zhundong coal, the previously
constructed molecular structure models of vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich
Zhundong coal (ZD-V and ZD-I) were selected to simulate using quantum
chemical methods. By focusing on Na
+
and Ca
2+
, the adsorption capacity at different adsorption sites was investigated
based on the density functional theory (DFT), and the effects of adsorption
of Na
+
and Ca
2+
on nearby atomic charges, chemical
bonds, and molecular orbitals were investigated. Results show that
compared with ZD-I, ZD-V contains a more negative electrostatic potential
(ESP) distribution and lower bond order, indicating that vitrinite
contains more adsorption sites for AAEM ions and exhibits stronger
chemical reactivity. Na
+
and Ca
2+
are easily
adsorbed to the most negative ESP with the optimal adsorption site
near the carbonyl group (C=O). Compared with adsorbed Na
+
, Ca
2+
has a smaller adsorption distance from the
molecule and a higher adsorption energy. Ca
2+
can transfer
more charge than Na
+
and has more affinity with the coal
molecule. Ca
2+
at all adsorption sites is bound to organic
molecules by chemisorption, which also reveals the reason for the
low water-soluble Ca content in coal at the molecular level. Adsorption
of AAEM ions has a more significant effect on the chemical bond of
oxygen-containing functional groups near AAEM ions compared to the
overall molecular fragments, which makes the nearby chemical bonds
(C–O/C=O) decrease in bond order and increase in bond
length. Ca
2+
makes the nearby chemical bonds more prone
to break than Na
+
. Additionally, Ca
2+
has a
more significant impact on the energy gaps (Δ
E
gap
) compared to Na
+
. Adsorption of Ca
2+
near the carbonyl and carboxyl groups leads to a significant
decrease in Δ
E
gap
, indicating an
enhanced chemical reactivity of coal molecular fragments.