Construction of a 1° × 1° fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4 model

Cooke, William; Liousse, Cathy; Cachier, H.; Feichter, J.

doi:10.1029/1999jd900187

Cited by 676 publications

(800 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…The aerosol simulations in GEOSChem are coupled to oxidant chemistry through formation of sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), HNO 3 (g)/NO 3 À partitioning of total inorganic nitrate, heterogeneous chemistry (Jacob, 2000), and aerosol effects on photolysis rates . The model includes primary emissions of EC and OC in hydrophobic forms, with an e-folding time of 1 day for conversion to hydrophilic forms subject to wet deposition (Cooke et al, 1999;Chin et al, 2002;Park et al, 2005). SOA is assumed hydrophilic.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional visibility statistics in the United States: Natural and transboundary pollution influences, and implications for the Regional Haze Rule

Park

Jacob

Kumar

et al. 2006

Atmospheric Environment

225

186

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The Regional Haze Rule of the US Environmental Protection Agency mandates reduction in US anthropogenic emissions to achieve linear improvement of visibility in wilderness areas over the 2004-18 period toward an endpoint of natural visibility conditions by 2064. Linear improvement is to apply to the mean visibility degradation on the statistically 20% worst days, measured as a Haze Index in units of deciviews (log of aerosol extinction). We use a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) with 11 Â 11 horizontal resolution to simulate present-day visibility statistics in the USA, compare them to observations from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) surface network, and provide natural and background visibility statistics for application of the Regional Haze Rule. Background is defined by suppression of US anthropogenic emissions but allowance for present-day foreign emissions and associated import of pollution. Our model is highly successful at reproducing the observed variability of visibility statistics for present-day conditions, including the low tail of the frequency distribution that is most representative of natural or background conditions. We find considerable spatial and temporal variability in natural visibility over the USA, especially due to fires in the west. A major uncertainty in estimating natural visibility is the sensitivity of biogenic organic aerosol formation to the availability of preexisting anthropogenic aerosol. Background visibility is more variable than natural visibility and the 20% worst days show large contributions from Canadian and Mexican pollution. Asian pollution, while degrading mean background visibility, is relatively less important on the worst days. Recognizing the influence of uncontrollable transboundary pollution in the Regional Haze Rule would substantially decrease the schedule of emission reductions required in the 2004-18 implementation phase. Meaningful application of the Rule in the future will require projections of future trends in foreign anthropogenic emissions, wildfire frequency, and climate variables. r

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Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional visibility statistics in the United States: Natural and transboundary pollution influences, and implications for the Regional Haze Rule

Park

Jacob

Kumar

et al. 2006

Atmospheric Environment

225

186

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Important climatic effects due to direct impacts on radiation can be expected (e.g. Schult et al, 1997;Haywood and Ramaswamy, 1998;Myhre et al, 1998;Penner et al, 1998;Cooke et al, 1999;Chung and Seinfeld, 2002;Jacobson, 2002). Additionally, indirect climatic effects due to impacts on cloud droplet number concentration and related cloud properties have been considered (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Penner et al, 1993;Cooke and Wilson, 1996;Liousse et al, 1996;Cooke et al, 1999Cooke et al, , 2002. Different atmospheric impacts of BC aerosols have been discussed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating the global atmospheric black carbon cycle: a revisit to the contribution of aircraft emissions

Hendricks¹,

Kärcher²,

Döpelheuer³

et al. 2004

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The black carbon (BC) burden of the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere (UTLS) is investigated with the general circulation model (GCM) ECHAM4. The special focus is the contribution of aircraft emissions to the UTLS BC loading. Previous studies on the role of aircraft emissions in the global BC cycle either neglect BC sources located at the Earth's surface or simplify the BC cycle by assuming pre-defined BC residence times. Here, the global BC cycle including emissions, transport, and removal is explicitly simulated. The BC emissions considered include surface sources as well as BC from aviation. This enables a consistent calculation of the relative contribution of aviation to the global atmospheric BC cycle. As a further extension to the previous studies, the aviation-induced perturbation of the UTLS BC particle number concentration is investigated. The uncertainties associated with the model predictions are evaluated by means of several sensitivity studies. Especially, the sensitivity of the results to different assumptions on the BC hygroscopic properties is analysed. The simulated UTLS BC concentrations are compared to in-situ observations. The simulations suggest that the large-scale contribution of aviation to the UTLS BC mass budget typically amounts to only a few percent, even in the most frequented flight regions. The aviation impact far away from these regions is negligible. The simulated aircraft contributions to the UTLS BC particle number concentration are much larger compared to the corresponding mass perturbations. The simulations suggest that aviation can cause large-scale increases in the UTLS BC particle number concentration of more than 30% in regions highly frequented by aircraft. The relative effect shows a pronounced annual variation with the largest relative aviation impact occurring during winter.

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“…Table 2 gives examples of emission factors that have been used in estimating BC emissions in the U.K. Apparently there is a good deal of uncertainty in BC emission factors, as has been emphasized by Cooke et al (1999) and Bond et al…”

Section: Evaluation Of Bc Emission Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Black carbon emissions in the United Kingdom during the past four decades: an empirical analysis

Novakov

Hansen

2004

Atmospheric Environment

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Construction of a 1° × 1° fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4 model

Cited by 676 publications

References 110 publications

Regional visibility statistics in the United States: Natural and transboundary pollution influences, and implications for the Regional Haze Rule

Regional visibility statistics in the United States: Natural and transboundary pollution influences, and implications for the Regional Haze Rule

Simulating the global atmospheric black carbon cycle: a revisit to the contribution of aircraft emissions

Black carbon emissions in the United Kingdom during the past four decades: an empirical analysis

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