Construction of an Environmentally Sustainable Development on a Modified Coastal Sand Mined and Landfill Site—Part 2. Re-Establishing the Natural Ecosystems on the Reconstructed Beach Dunes

Abstract

Mimicking natural processes lead to progressive colonization and stabilization of the reconstructed beach dune ecosystem, as part of the ecologically sustainable development of Magenta Shores, on the central coast of New South Wales, Australia. The retained and enhanced incipient dune formed the first line of storm defence. Placement of fibrous Leptospermum windrows allowed wind blown sand to form crests and swales parallel to the beach. Burial of Spinifex seed head in the moist sand layer achieved primary colonization of the reconstructed dune and development of a soil fungal hyphae network prior to introduction of secondary colonizing species. Monitoring stakes were used as roosts by birds, promoting re-introduction of native plant species requiring germination by digestive tract stimulation. Bush regeneration reduced competition from weeds, allowing native vegetation cover to succeed. On-going weeding and monitoring are essential at Magenta Shores until bitou bush is controlled for the entire length of beach. The reconstructed dunes provide enhanced protection from sand movement and storm bite, for built assets, remnant significant vegetation and sensitive estuarine ecosystems

Environmental Impacts of Sand Exploitation. Analysis of Sand Market

“…Habitat loss [63][64][65][66][67][68] Alteration on fish population [69,70] Increasing level of weed infestation [67,71] Physical disturbance of the habitat [68] Degradation of aquatic biota [72] Alter number of animal species [66,73] Vegetation is destroyed [63] Reduction of farmlands and grazing lands [63] Water Increase water turbidity [22,74] Decrease plants photosynthetic activity [67,75] Water pollution [64,67,75,77,90] Affects the biodiversity [91] Sinking and deformation of riverbeds and banks [22,62,63,68,87,92,93] Drying up wells around the river [22,87] Lateral channels erosion and instability [7,59,68] Negative effect on groundwater [68] Waterways siltation [94] Influence the uncertainty of the slope and levee [93] Affects hydrological function [7] Change in water flows, flood regulation and marine currents [7,83] Soil Decrease soil quality [62,…”