“…21 Consequently, there is less restriction to the underlying substrate chemistry such as defects and trace contaminations, and moreover, numerous charged biomolecules including polysaccharides, 13,23 polypeptides, and proteins 24,25 can be used to produce surfaces tailored specifically for a variety of applications. Here, positively charged poly-L-lysine (PLL) which, at physiological conditions, is well known as a promoter of cell adhesion, 26,27 and negatively charged heparin that has anti-inflammatory 28,29 and anti-adhesive 30 properties along with its specific binding of growth factors, 31,32 were used. These deposited PEMs also provide abundant adsorption sites or reactive moieties for growth factor incorporation, 23 such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which we exploited in this study.…”