The dynamical behavior of a Duffing oscillator under periodic excitation is investigated using semi-analytical methods. Bifurcation trees with varying periodic excitation are constructed. The stability, saddle-node bifurcation and period-doubling bifurcation are revealed by assessing the eigenvalue of the model. From the bifurcation trees, we observed that saddle-node and period-doubling bifurcations occur when the excitation frequency and excitation amplitude vary to an appropriate value. The generation of periodic-doubling bifurcation leads to a change in the periodicity of periodic motion. The relationships among periodic-m motions are interconnected yet independent of each other. To satisfy the need of parameter selection for FPGA circuits, a dual-parameter map is calculated to study the periodic characteristics. Then, an FPGA circuit model is designed and implemented. The results show that the phase trajectory and waveform of the FPGA hardware circuit match the numerical model.