“…Ni 2p (Figure e) is split into six peaks, the binding energy of 853.32, 855.08, 870.77, and 872.57 eV belong to Ni 2+ 2p 3/2 , Ni 3+ 2p 3/2 , Ni 2+ 2p 1/2 , and Ni 3+ 2p 1/2 , respectively, and the two additional shake-up satellites located at binding energy of 860.44 and 878.77 eV, indicating the coexistence of Ni 2+ and Ni 3+ in the calcined products. Similarly, Co 2p (Figure f) can also be split into six peaks, the binding energy of 779.98, 778.31, 795.51, and 793.78 belong to Co 2+ 2p 3/2 , Co 3+ 2p 3/2 , Co 2+ 2p 1/2 , and Co 3+ 2p 1/2 , respectively, and two shake-up satellites at binding energy of 785.86 and 802.91. , The C 1s and Ni 2p spectra of Zn, Ni-LMc exhibit similar splitting peaks as those of Co, Ni-LMc, and the C1s spectra at the binding energies of 284.34 and 288.02 eV also constitute the graphite and CO groups (Figure S5b). As shown in Figure g, the Ni 2p relates four peaks of Zn, Ni-LMc at binding energies of 853.53 and 870.95 eV, which are assigned to Ni 2+ , while the peaks representing Ni 3+ are located at 855.40 and 872.64 eV, and the two additional shake-up satellites present at binding energies of 860.54 and 878.83 eV.…”