“…[9][10][11][12][13] Recently, transition metal oxides, such as Cu 2 O, NiO, SnO 2 , and TiO 2 , are regarded as alternative anodes of carbon-based materials with a low production cost, high abundance, nontoxicity, and high capacity. 14,15 Among diverse transition metal oxides, In the lithiation/delithiation process with Cu 2 O as an anode, the Cu nanocrystals that form upon lithiation are dispersed in a Li 2 O matrix and restored to the oxide upon delithiation. However, during the charge/discharge process, the volume expansion of the electrode can result in a reduced electrochemical performance in LIBs.…”