“…4,6,8,[15][16][17] Bi 3+ ion doping/substitution by rareearth elements such as La 3+ , Tb 3+ , Nd 3+ and Gd 3+ ions led to the destruction of the spin cycloid due to a reduction in oxygen vacancies, as well as an increase in remanent polarisation, spontaneous magnetization, high switchable current, large absorption coefficient, photovoltaic effect, magnetoelectric effect, and physical properties. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] BFO perovskite materials have exceptional thermal and chemical stability, chemical resistance, and catalytic activity. 2,23,24 The structural stability of the Bi 3+ ion (A-site), the catalytic activity of the Fe 3+ ion (B-site), and the oxygen and oxygen deficiency provide perovskite-based materials with a significant role in catalysis.…”