“…Because of their excellent confinement safety, cost-effectiveness, and stability, underground gas storages (Xiong et al, 2021) have received widespread attention as national energy reserves that can be used for nuclear waste disposal (Li et al, 2014;Mahlia et al, 2014). currently, there are three main types of underground energy reservoirs: 1) underground salt cavern gas reservoirs (Deyi et al, 2016;Fan et al, 2019;Fan et al, 2020;Peng et al, 2020; with crystalline structures (Jiang et al, 2021), high denseness (Kang et al, 2021), high ductility (strain can reach almost 30-40%) (Liu et al, 2020a), low permeability (<10 −20 m 2 ) (Liu et al, 2020b), ultra-low porosity (<1%) and self-healing characteristics (Urai et al, 1986), which comprise salt rock as the constitutive medium; 2) depleted oil and gas reservoirs formed by the transformation of non-operational wells (Wang et al, 2021); 3) underground water-sealed gas/oil reservoirs wherein oil and liquid gas are sealed in large underground caverns that have been excavated (Chung et al, 2009;Lee and Lim, 2010).…”