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Contents2.1. Total explicit subsidy costs of Egypt's food subsidy system, by commodity, 1980/81 to 1996/97 8 3.1. Rates of food subsidy to consumers per unit of commodity, 1996/97 14 5.1. Allocation of food subsidy beneµts, and distribution of population and poverty, by governorates 5.2. Urban and rural allocations of per capita absolute food subsidy beneµts, by governorates, 1997 5.3. Distribution of food subsidy beneµts and poverty, by region, 1997 5.4. Per capita purchases of subsidized and open-market bread and ×our, by region 5.5. Share of households purchasing subsidized baladi bread and wheat ×our, by region and expenditure quintile 5.6. Per capita monthly absolute beneµts to consumers from subsidized baladi bread and wheat ×our, by region and expenditure quintile 5.7. Average travel time to baladi bread outlets, by expenditure quintile 5.8. Average time waiting in line to purchase subsidized baladi bread, by expenditure quintile 5.9. Restrictions on subsidized baladi bread and wheat ×our purchases, by expenditure quintile 5.10. Share of households holding ration cards, by expenditure quintile 5.11. Households with green and red ration cards, by expenditure quintile 39 5.12. Prevalence of unregistered members in the ration card-holding households, by expenditure quintile 5.13. Self-reported reasons for unregistered household members, by expenditure quintile 5.14. Per capita purchases of rationed and open-market sugar and cooking oil, by region iv Tables 5. 15. Share of all households purchasing subsidized sugar and cooking oil, by region and expenditure quintile 5.16. Per capita monthly absolute beneµts to consumers from subsidized and rationed sugar and cooking oil, by region and expenditure quintile 5.17. Per capita monthly absolute beneµts to consumers from all four subsidized commodities, and total beneµts expressed as a percent of total per capita expenditures, by region and expenditure quintile 6.1. Purchases of subsidized baladi bread 6.2. Purchases of subsidized wheat ×our 6.3. Purchase of subsidized rationed sugar 6.4. Purchases of subsidized rationed cooking oil 6.5. Leakage in the baladi bread subsidy system 6.6. Leakage in the wheat ×our subsidy system 6.7. Leakage in the rationed sugar subsidy system 6.8. Leakage in the rationed cooking oil subsidy system 6.9. Per capita monthly baladi bread subsidy beneµts accruing to expenditure quintile groups, by region, and beneµts to nonneedy, 1997 6.10. Per capita monthly wheat ×our subsidy beneµts accruing to expenditure quintile groups, by region, and beneµts to nonneedy, 1997 6.11. Per capita monthly sugar subsidy beneµts accruing to expenditure quintile groups, by region, and beneµts to nonneedy, 1997 6.12. Per capita monthly cooking oil subsidy beneµts accruing to expenditure quintile groups, by region, and beneµts to nonneedy, 1997 6.13. International comparison of cost-effectiveness of selective programs 7.1. Per capita expenditures, calorie availability, and calorie cost, by food group for metropolitan Egypt, 1997 7.2. Per capita expenditures, c...
Contents2.1. Total explicit subsidy costs of Egypt's food subsidy system, by commodity, 1980/81 to 1996/97 8 3.1. Rates of food subsidy to consumers per unit of commodity, 1996/97 14 5.1. Allocation of food subsidy beneµts, and distribution of population and poverty, by governorates 5.2. Urban and rural allocations of per capita absolute food subsidy beneµts, by governorates, 1997 5.3. Distribution of food subsidy beneµts and poverty, by region, 1997 5.4. Per capita purchases of subsidized and open-market bread and ×our, by region 5.5. Share of households purchasing subsidized baladi bread and wheat ×our, by region and expenditure quintile 5.6. Per capita monthly absolute beneµts to consumers from subsidized baladi bread and wheat ×our, by region and expenditure quintile 5.7. Average travel time to baladi bread outlets, by expenditure quintile 5.8. Average time waiting in line to purchase subsidized baladi bread, by expenditure quintile 5.9. Restrictions on subsidized baladi bread and wheat ×our purchases, by expenditure quintile 5.10. Share of households holding ration cards, by expenditure quintile 5.11. Households with green and red ration cards, by expenditure quintile 39 5.12. Prevalence of unregistered members in the ration card-holding households, by expenditure quintile 5.13. Self-reported reasons for unregistered household members, by expenditure quintile 5.14. Per capita purchases of rationed and open-market sugar and cooking oil, by region iv Tables 5. 15. Share of all households purchasing subsidized sugar and cooking oil, by region and expenditure quintile 5.16. Per capita monthly absolute beneµts to consumers from subsidized and rationed sugar and cooking oil, by region and expenditure quintile 5.17. Per capita monthly absolute beneµts to consumers from all four subsidized commodities, and total beneµts expressed as a percent of total per capita expenditures, by region and expenditure quintile 6.1. Purchases of subsidized baladi bread 6.2. Purchases of subsidized wheat ×our 6.3. Purchase of subsidized rationed sugar 6.4. Purchases of subsidized rationed cooking oil 6.5. Leakage in the baladi bread subsidy system 6.6. Leakage in the wheat ×our subsidy system 6.7. Leakage in the rationed sugar subsidy system 6.8. Leakage in the rationed cooking oil subsidy system 6.9. Per capita monthly baladi bread subsidy beneµts accruing to expenditure quintile groups, by region, and beneµts to nonneedy, 1997 6.10. Per capita monthly wheat ×our subsidy beneµts accruing to expenditure quintile groups, by region, and beneµts to nonneedy, 1997 6.11. Per capita monthly sugar subsidy beneµts accruing to expenditure quintile groups, by region, and beneµts to nonneedy, 1997 6.12. Per capita monthly cooking oil subsidy beneµts accruing to expenditure quintile groups, by region, and beneµts to nonneedy, 1997 6.13. International comparison of cost-effectiveness of selective programs 7.1. Per capita expenditures, calorie availability, and calorie cost, by food group for metropolitan Egypt, 1997 7.2. Per capita expenditures, c...
In the wake of the 2007-2008 global food crisis, various national governmental bodies aimed at increasing their food self-sufficiency to stabilize their domestic markets. Despite the fact that food self-sufficiency is a long-standing policy discussion issue, its effectiveness has not been fully scrutinized with a quantitative modeling approach. Japan's government rigorously protects domestic agricultural producers on the grounds of national food security and, hence, has grappled with enhancing the country's food self-sufficiency, even though economists have strongly argue against this, in terms of the inefficiency of resource allocation. This study developed a stochastic world trade computable general equilibrium model to quantify the benefit/loss of wheat autarky policies for Japan against wheat yield shocks and export bans. It was found that the comprehensive economic burden to materialize full self-sufficiency in wheat is approximately $8700 million, regardless of which of the two methods of market intervention-increasing the import tariff or subsidizing production-is used. Greater self-sufficiency causes higher volatility in the domestic wheat price due to the yield variability in exporting nations being more destabilized than that in exporting countries. Also, the autarky strategies almost halve the welfare deterioration induced by export restrictions, although it does not pay for the implementation cost.
Disease emergence in livestock is a product of environment, epidemiology, and economic forces. The environmental and epidemiological factors contributing to novel pathogen emergence in humans have been studied extensively, but the two-way relationship between farm microeconomics and outbreak risk has received comparably little attention. We introduce a game-theoretic model where farmers produce and sell two goods one of which (e.g. pigs, poultry) is susceptible to infection by a pathogen potentially dangerous to humans. We model market effects and epidemiological effects at both the individual farm level and the community level. The addition of a second good into this modeling framework ensures that producing a unit of livestock has an opportunity cost. We find that in the case of low demand elasticity for livestock meat, the presence of an animal pathogen causing large production losses can lead to a bistable system where two outcomes are possible, depending on the economic inputs into the system. One outcome is succesful disease control. The second outcome, a potentially dangerous one, is a stable equilibrium where farmers slaughter their animals at a low rate, face substantial production losses, but maintain large herds because of the appeal of high meat market prices, therefore maintaining disease circulation. We show the potential epidemiological benefits to (i) policies aimed at stabilizing livestock product prices, (ii) subsidies for alternative agricultural activities during epidemics, and (iii) diversifying agricultural production and sources of proteins available to consumers.
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