“…First, the estimation of demand on the car market in general (Berry, Levinsohn, & Pakes 1995, Train & Winston 2007, Gillingham, Iskhakov, Munk-Nielsen, Rust, & Schjerning 2019 and agents' preferences for EVs and HVs in particular (Xing et al 2021, Egnér & Trosvik 2018 with our work closely related to Huse & Koptyug (2021) from a methodological point of view. Second, the valuation of future variable costs relative to the valuation of up-front costs (Grigolon, Reynaert, & Verboven 2018, Gillingham, Houde, & Van Benthem 2021. Most empirical studies use fuel price variation to assess whether or not an energy paradox in the valuation of fuel costs exists.…”