“…Meanwhile, the circular economy, replacing the "take, make, consume, and dispose" patterns with closed-loops of material flows by combining a number of different processes including maintenance, repair, reusing, refurbishing, remanufacturing, and recycling, has created much more concern in the academic world and in practice [2,3]. As such, remanufacturing, as a crucial component of the circular economy, has been regarded as a potential method to deal with economic, social, and environmental problems [4][5][6][7]. Many manufacturers have For the sake of comparing the effectiveness of the various distinct pricing strategies with dynamic quality characterized by reference quality, we attempt to solve the model in several scenarios: (1) The whole supply chain adopts static and dynamic pricing strategies in a centralized scenario respectively; and, (2) In a decentralized case, either, neither or both the manufacturer and the retailer price dynamically, respectively.…”