Consumer Responses to Rumors: Good News, Bad News

Abstract

Three studies—a field survey and two experiments—examine social and situational factors influencing the evaluation and communication of information labeled as rumor. The survey focused on rumor transmission and beliefs about marketplace rumors held by the public. Consumers reported that they were exposed to and spread more negative than positive rumors. Additionally, rumor, when identified as such, was evaluated less favorably than other word‐of‐mouth communications. These findings were then examined in greater depth in two experiments that compared the interpersonal consequences of transmission of negative and positive rumors. The first experimental study revealed that labeling information as a rumor decreased its credibility and transmission to others and that positively valenced rumors were more likely to be transmitted and generated greater liking for the transmitter. Study 3 revealed that the personal relevance of the information interacted with valence to influence rumor transmission, affective reactions, and interpersonal attraction. There was a greater propensity to spread positive rumors that reflected well on oneself compared to negative rumors that reflected badly. In contrast, negative rumor about one's rival was more likely to be transmitted than positively valenced rumor. Rumor valence did not influence transmission when the information concerned a remote other.

Hoist on your own petard: When prejudiced remarks are recognized and backfire on speakers

“…First and foremost, Simon and Greenberg compared impressions of individuals who expressed bigotry against African-Americans with those of individuals who made no remarks at all. However, there is considerable evidence that people dislike communicators who speak negatively about issues (Manis, Cornell, & Moore, 1974) or others (Folkes & Sears, 1977;Kamins, Folkes, & Perner, 1997), whether or not that speech reflects some kind of bigotry. Consequently, it is unclear whether Simon and GreenbergÕs results reflect reactions to expressed prejudice or simply to the negativity of the bigotÕs remarks.…”

“…There is evidence that people tend to dislike communicators who speak negatively about issues (Manis et al, 1974) or others (Folkes & Sears, 1977;Kamins et al, 1997) in general. To determine whether speakersÕ generalizations about groups have more impact on evaluative impressions than would be expected from their valence alone, a non-bigoted gossip condition was added to this experiment.…”

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