Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. The behavioral responses to taxes and subsidies are often subject to various behavioral biases and transaction costs-what we define as "microfrictions." We develop a theoretical framework to show how these microfrictions-and their heterogeneity across the population and policy instrumentsaffect the design of Pigouvian policies. Standard Pigouvian pricing still holds with transaction costs, but requires adjustment with behavioral biases. We use transaction-level data from the US appliance market to estimate the heterogeneous behavioral responses to an array of energy fiscal policies and to quantify microfrictions. We then assess optimal fiscal policies and find that it is rarely optimal to couple a Pigouvian tax on energy with an investment subsidy in this context. We also find that energy labels-intended to increase the salience of energy information-can interact in perverse ways with both taxes and subsidies. Rodemeier, Andreas Löschel, Nicolai Kuminoff, and Massimo Filippini, for their comments and suggestions on previous drafts. We would also like to thank participants at NBER workshops on the energy policy trade-offs between economic efficiency and distributional equity, the AERE Summer Conference, and several seminar participants. This project benefited from support received from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation through the NBER Energy Policy Efficiency and Equity Tradeoffs project.
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