“…Our study further contributes to the controversies in the current literature about how selfconstrual is measured and structured (see Hofmann et al, 2021 for a review) by using four independence and interdependence scales developed by Hashimoto and Yamagishi (2016) to comprehend the duality of self-construal. Furthermore, the discussion of the problems of discriminant and convergent validity (Levine et al, 2003), as well as the content validity of self-construal measurement scale fosters us to devote effort to specify the most appropriate measurement model among competing models (two-factor; three-factor, four-factor, two-factor second-order constructs; Adams, 2005;Cross et al, 2011;Hashimoto & Yamagishi, 2013;Hashimoto & Yamagishi, 2016;Levine et al, 2003;Wu et al, 2019) for testing the relationships.…”