Consuming snacks mid-afternoon compared with just after lunch improves mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized crossover clinical trial

Imai, Saeko; Hashimoto, Yoshitaka; Nitta, Ayasa; Miyawaki, Takashi; Matsumoto, Shinobu; Ozasa, Neiko; Tanaka, Muhei; Kajiyama, Shizuo; Fukui, Michiaki

doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2018.07.001

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Here, biscuit intake during the mid-afternoon blunted postprandial rises in glucose at dinner for participants with high glucose levels at dinner time. This result is very similar to that of earlier research [6,28], showing that eating a sweet snack between lunch and dinner ameliorates postprandial glycemic rises, compared with eating such snacks after dinner or lunch. In the current experiments, consumption of mulberry and barley leaves alongside biscuits at snack time resulted in a stronger second meal effect on glucose levels at dinner, compared to a biscuit alone.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Foregoing breakfast has been considered a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes because it often leads to overeating and increased insulin resistance [ 1 , 2 ], whereas eating breakfast with adequate amounts of protein and fiber helps to keep blood sugar levels low throughout the day [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The “second meal effect” maintains that the previous meal affects the postprandial glucose levels incurred by the following meal, and in a previous investigation, it was found that eating high-fiber snacks in the late afternoon prevented rises in blood sugar at dinner [ 6 ]. Interestingly, hyperglycemia tends to be most commonly observed at or after dinner, because of the body’s prolonged release of insulin [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], so efforts to further improve upon the nutrient quality of foods consumed before this meal are of great interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Consumption of Biscuits with a Beverage of Mulberry or Barley Leaves in the Afternoon Prevents Dinner-Induced High, but Not Low, Increases in Blood Glucose among Young Adults

et al. 2020

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We examined the impact of consuming biscuits with a beverage of powdered mulberry or barley leaves in the afternoon on postprandial glucose levels at dinnertime among young adults. A total of 18 young adults participated in a partially double-blinded, randomized crossover trial over 2 weeks, consuming either: (1) no biscuits; (2) a biscuit; (3) a biscuit with a beverage of powdered mulberry leaves; or (4) a biscuit with a beverage of powdered barley leaves, as an afternoon snack followed by a standardized test dinner. Glucose levels were recorded after each meal. Results showed intake of biscuits with a beverage of mulberry and barley leaves significantly reduced postprandial rises in glucose after their immediate consumption and dinner, though there was no direct relationship between the glucose levels at the two meals. Compared to those with low glucose levels, participants with high glucose levels at dinner showed a stronger second meal effect, that was attributed to the mulberry or barley leaves, and were also more likely to have lean body weights and prefer evenings. Our findings indicate that eating snacks alongside mulberry or barley leaves is an effective way to suppress postprandial glucose levels in young adults with high glucose levels who prefer evenings.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of Biscuits with a Beverage of Mulberry or Barley Leaves in the Afternoon Prevents Dinner-Induced High, but Not Low, Increases in Blood Glucose among Young Adults

et al. 2020

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“…SD is strongly influenced by the mean glucose level, while CV helps to “correct” and normalize glucose variability. The SD and MAGE values were calculated from 1200 h to 1200 h in next noon, as described previously [ 13 ], and MAX and MIN were highest and lowest glucose values, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that the intake of proper snacks suppresses a rise in blood glucose levels due to a subsequent meal. A previous study demonstrated that the intake of snacks at an adequate interval from lunch is an effective way to control postprandial glucose levels and glycemic excursions at dinner [ 13 ]. Therefore, proper snacking may be useful for the control of postprandial blood glucose levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, although previous studies have shown that snack intake has a positive impact on postprandial glucose levels [ 13 , 17 ], research focusing on the consecutive intake (i.e., 1 week) of snacks under free-living conditions is insufficient. Given the increasing rate of snacking in daily life [ 9 ], it is important to consider the establishment of more effective snacking guidelines for improved health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the Intake of a Snack Containing Dietary Fiber on Postprandial Glucose Levels

Kim

Nanba

Ozaki

et al. 2020

Foods

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To examine the effects of the intake of a snack containing dietary fiber under free-living conditions on postprandial glucose levels in older adults, nine healthy older adults aged 76.9 ± 1.6 years (mean ± standard error) completed two crossover trials: 1) regular snack (BISCUIT) intake and 2) intake of snacks with a high dietary fiber content (DF-BISCUIT). In both trials, each participant consumed either BISCUIT or DF-BISCUIT between lunch and dinner time for 1 week. During the intervention, the blood glucose levels of all the subjects were observed using a continuous glucose monitoring system. Lower 24 h blood glucose levels were yielded in the DF-BISCUIT than the BISCUIT trials. Moreover, compared to the BISCUIT trials, the blood glucose levels after dinner and areas under the curve (AUCs) were significantly decreased in the DF-BISCUIT treatments. The blood glucose levels and AUCs after the intake of the next day’s breakfast were suppressed in the DF-BISCUIT treatments compared to those in the BISCUIT trials. Our data indicate that the intake of snacks with a high dietary fiber content under free-living conditions is an effective way to restrain postprandial glucose levels and that the effect lasts until breakfast the next day.

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Effects of intake of four types of snack with different timings on postprandial glucose levels after dinner

Masutomi¹,

Mineshita

Ishihara³

et al. 2023

Eur J Nutr

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Purpose It has been reported that the consumption of fruit granola (FG), mulberry leaves, and barley cookies as an afternoon snack suppresses the postprandial increase in glucose levels at dinner. However, there have been no reports on the second-meal effect of snacking on popular snacks, such as potato chips (PC), roasted sweet potato (SP), and black beans (BB), or on the interval between snacking and dinner. Method The present study was an open-label randomized crossover trial of five study groups (PC, SP, BB, FG, and no snack) regarding the second-meal effects with different intervals between snacks and dinner. The subjects consumed prescribed meals for lunch and dinner at 12:00 and 19:00, and a snack fixed at 838 kJ (= 200 kcal) at 15:00 or 17:00. Results When the participants snacked at 15:00, the postprandial glucose elevation at dinner was suppressed in the FG and SP groups, and the area under the curve (AUC) was also low. When they snacked at 17:00, the postprandial glucose elevation was suppressed in all the groups. The AUCs for PC, FG, and SP were lower than those for no snacking. On the other hand, carbohydrate intake increased with snacking, but the total AUC of snacks and dinner did not differ in any of the groups. The duration of hyperglycemia decreased with snack intake, as did the glucose amplitude. Conclusion We believe that the intake of carbohydrates and soluble fiber in snacks is an important factor in the second-meal effect at dinner. These results will contribute to the development of snacking and research into the second-meal effect.

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Consuming snacks mid-afternoon compared with just after lunch improves mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized crossover clinical trial

Cited by 13 publications

References 25 publications

Consumption of Biscuits with a Beverage of Mulberry or Barley Leaves in the Afternoon Prevents Dinner-Induced High, but Not Low, Increases in Blood Glucose among Young Adults

Consumption of Biscuits with a Beverage of Mulberry or Barley Leaves in the Afternoon Prevents Dinner-Induced High, but Not Low, Increases in Blood Glucose among Young Adults

Effect of the Intake of a Snack Containing Dietary Fiber on Postprandial Glucose Levels

Effects of intake of four types of snack with different timings on postprandial glucose levels after dinner

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