Consumption of a controlled low-fat diet containing olestra for 9 months improves health risk factors in conjunction with weight loss in obese men: the Ole' Study

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:To compare the effects of a standard American diet, a traditional low-fat diet, and a low-fat diet containing the fat substitute olestra on risk factors for heart disease and diabetes. DESIGN: A 9-month, double-blind, randomized, parallel-arm, feeding study comparing three diets: (1) control (33% fat), (2) fat-reduced (FR; 25% fat), and (3) fat-substituted (FS) where olestra replaced 1/3 of dietary fat (33% lipid and 25% digestible fat). Subjects were allowed to adjust their total energy intake as desired, allowing weight to fluctuate. SUBJECTS: A total of 37 healthy, obese men (age 36.771.3 y; body mass index 30.870.4 kg/m 2 ). MEASUREMENTS: Body weight and composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, blood pressure, serum lipids, lipoproteins, hemostatic factors, glucose, insulin, and leptin at baseline and every 3 months. RESULTS: The FS group lost 6.27 kg of body weight by 9 months vs 4.0 kg in the control and 1.79 kg in the FR groups. There was a significant diet main effect on cholesterol (P ¼ 0.002), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P ¼ 0.003), and triglycerides (P ¼ 0.01), all of which decreased in the FS group but not the other groups by 9 months. Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) increased in the FR and control groups but was unchanged in the FS group (diet main effect P ¼ 0.04). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in all groups over 9 months (time main effect P ¼ 0.0001). Time main effects were also observed for cholesterol, ApoA1, ApoB, Factor VII, diastolic blood pressure, and glucose. After adjustment for % fat loss at 9 months, the effects of diet on change in risk factors remained significant only for triglycerides. DISCUSSION: Consumption of a low-fat diet containing olestra for 9 months produced significant improvement in cardiovascular risk factors, an effect largely explained by weight loss. Long-term low-fat diet consumption with or without olestra does not decrease HDL cholesterol.

Long-term effects of advice to consume a high-protein, low-fat diet, rather than a conventional weight-loss diet, in obese adults with Type 2 diabetes: one-year follow-up of a randomised trial

“…Other studies have reported comparable results in healthy obese [34] hyperinsulinaemic subjects [35] or people with Type 2 diabetes [17]. In particular the latter study showed increases in HDL-C despite no net loss of fat at 18 months.…”

Consistent relationships between sensory properties of savory snack foods and calories influence food intake in rats

“…3 Further, long-term (9 months) studies in obese individuals indicate that use of the fat substitute Olestra results in greater losses of body weight and body fat loss compared to fat reduction alone. 4,5 In contrast, a long-term (1 year) study in free living humans demonstrated that a higher proportion of obese individuals consumed snacks containing Olestra (compared to overweight and normal-weight individuals), and that obese individuals that consumed the highest quantities of Olestra-containing snacks had significantly greater caloric intake during the first year after introduction of Olestra to the marketplace. 6 Thus, the role that fat replacement or substitution may play in control of food intake and body weight remains uncertain.…”

Macronutrients and type 1 diabetes (revision number 6)

“…Fourteen randomised controlled trials were identified that presented evidence on diets differing in the proportion of carbohydrate to fat on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, all of which were included in the meta-analysis (Golay et al, 2000;Foster et al, 2003;Lovejoy et al, 2003;Clifton et al, 2004;Ley et al, 2004;Dansinger et al, 2005;Ebbeling et al, 2005;Howard et al, 2006b;Ebbeling et al, 2007;Gardner et al, 2007;Maki et al, 2007b;Phillips et al, 2008;Frisch et al, 2009;Sacks et al, 2009). Six trials were subsequently identified in the update search Gulseth et al, 2010;Jebb et al, 2010;Howard et al, 2010;Tierney et al, 2011;Brooking et al, 2012) (Cardio-metabolic review, incident hypertension and blood pressure chapter p 49, 53; Update search table 47).…”

“…Nineteen randomised controlled trials that presented evidence on diets differing in the proportion of carbohydrate to fat on fasting total cholesterol were included in the metaanalysis (Campos et al, 1995;Nelson et al, 1995;Ginsberg et al, 1998;Turley et al, 1998;Zambon et al, 1999;Golay et al, 2000;Colette et al, 2003;Couture et al, 2003;Lovejoy et al, 2003;Clifton et al, 2004;Ley et al, 2004;Pelkman et al, 2004;SegalIsaacson et al, 2004;Cornier et al, 2005;Lofgren et al, 2005;Petersen et al, 2006;Howard et al, 2006b;Due et al, 2008b;Frisch et al, 2009). Five trials were subsequently identified in the update search Howard et al, 2010;Haufe et al, 2011;Tierney et al, 2011;Brooking et al, 2012) (Cardio-metabolic review, the hyperlipidaemias and blood lipids chapter p 65-72; Update search table 62).…”

“…a concomitant reduction in saturated fat intake and/or weight loss  The effect is biologically relevant Fasting HDL-cholesterol 5.36. Twenty two randomised controlled trials that presented evidence on diets differing in the proportion of carbohydrate to fat on fasting HDL-cholesterol were included in the metaanalysis (Campos et al, 1995;Nelson et al, 1995;Ginsberg et al, 1998;Turley et al, 1998;Zambon et al, 1999;Golay et al, 2000;Wolever & Mehling, 2002;Foster et al, 2003;Colette et al, 2003;Couture et al, 2003;Lovejoy et al, 2003;Clifton et al, 2004;Ley et al, 2004;Pelkman et al, 2004;Segal-Isaacson et al, 2004;Cornier et al, 2005;Bhargava, 2006;Petersen et al, 2006;Howard et al, 2006b;Ebbeling et al, 2007;Due et al, 2008b;Frisch et al, 2009). Seven trials were subsequently identified in the update search Howard et al, 2010;Foster et al, 2010;Haufe et al, 2011;Tierney et al, 2011;de Souza et al, 2012;Brooking et al, 2012) Of the trials identified in the update search, four report no significant effect of diets differing in the proportion of carbohydrate and fat on fasting HDL-cholesterol concentration (Howard et al, 2010;Haufe et al, 2011;de Souza et al, 2012;Brooking et al, 2012).…”