Consumption of energy drinks among adolescents in Norway: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundEnergy drink (ED) consumption is increasing all over the world. We sought to describe the consumption of EDs among adolescents in Norway, and to explore the determinants of daily and high consumption.MethodsPopulation-based cross-sectional data were collected from a sample of 31,091 secondary school students in grade 8–13 aged 12–19 years. School grade, residency, socioeconomic status (SES), physical activity and leisure screen time were included in multiple regression analyses, in order to investigate their associations with daily and high (≥four times weekly) ED consumption.Results52.3% of the respondents were ED consumers and 3.5% were high consumers. Boys consumed twice as much ED as girls (boys: 36.3 ml/day, girls: 18.5 ml/day, geometric means), and the proportion of male high consumers was 3.7-times higher than that of females. The adjusted odd ratio (OR) of upper secondary school (grades 11–13, ages 15–19) students being high ED consumers were higher than for lower secondary school (grades 8–10, ages 12–15) students (OR 1.1(confidence interval (CI):1.0–1.3)), as well as higher for rural than urban residents (OR 1.3 (CI: 1.1–1.5)). Gradients for the increased ORs of being a high ED consumer were found for decreased SES, decreased frequency of physical activity and increased daily leisure screen time.ConclusionsMore than half of the respondents reported that they were ED consumers. Daily and high consumption were independently associated with male gender, physical inactivity, high leisure screen time, low socioeconomic status and rural residency.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6236-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Determinants of energy drink consumption in adolescents: identification of sex-specific patterns

“…Our results indicated that for boys and girls, adolescents consuming soft drinks daily, alcohol weekly, with high screen time or with late bedtimes were more likely to consume ED more than once a week. These findings are consistent with previous cross-sectional studies conducted among adolescents which identified positive associations between ED consumption and consumption of other sugarsweetened beverages, 16 alcohol consumption, 5,11,14,28 screen use, 13,15,16 and late bedtime 17 or short sleep duration. 5,29,30 Association between ED consumption and alcohol use may be partially due to the fact of adolescents mixing both substances.…”

“…1 Similarly, both presence and absence of association between ED consumption, and socio-economic status, 11e14 family structure 11,12,14 or ethnicity 1 have been reported previously. Regarding lifestyle characteristics, higher ED consumption has been associated with higher screen time, 13,15,16 higher 1 or lower 15 physical activity, shorter sleep duration, 17 and higher alcohol and substance use. 1 To our knowledge, no study has specifically investigated sex differences in the patterns of ED consumption among adolescents.…”

Lise öğrencileri arasında enerji içeceği kullanım sıklığı: Algılanan stres ve uyku kalitesine olan etkilerini araştırılması

“…In the present study, ED consumption was higher among students who were male, lived in broken families, consumed coffee and carbonated beverages, or had irregular sleep patterns. The present study revealed that being male was a prominent risk factor for ED consumption, similar to results of previous literature (4,26,27). In addition, misbeliefs about ED, that ED is not unhealthy, not have addictive effects, were found to be factors affecting the frequency of use.…”

“…A study conducted in the UK found that ED consumption had increased by 155% between 2006 and 2014 (25). Studies conducted in the United States, Norway, and Portugal determined that the frequency of ED consumption was between 33% and 56.7% (4,26,27). The Turkish Food Codex Communiqué on Energy Drinks recommends not allowing children to consume EDs (2).…”

“…The Turkish Food Codex Communiqué on Energy Drinks recommends not allowing children to consume EDs (2). In Turkey, 78% of university students have consumed EDs at least once in their In addition, EDs can be consumed with alcohol (25)(26)(27)(28). Our results showed that 7.8% of the students drank EDs with alcohol.…”