Consumption of foods and beverages rich in added sugar associated with incident metabolic syndrome: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study

Abstract

Aims Numerous studies report positive associations between total carbohydrate (CHO) intake and incident metabolic syndrome (MetS), but few differentiate quality or type of CHO relative to MetS. We examined source of CHO intake, including added sugar (AS), AS-rich CHO foods and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) associated with incident MetS in adults enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Methods Among 3154 Black American and White American women and men aged 18-30 years at baseline, dietary intake was assessed by diet history three times over 20 years. Sources of AS-rich CHO foods and beverages include sugar-rich refined grain products, candy, sugar products, and SSBs. Incident MetS was created according to standard criteria. Time-dependent Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis evaluated the associations of incident MetS across quintiles of cumulative intakes of AS-rich CHO foods and beverages, AS, and SSBs adjusted for potential confounding factors over 30 years of follow-up. Results The associations of AS-rich CHO foods and beverages, AS, and SSB intakes with incident MetS were consistent. Compared to the lowest intake, the greatest intake of AS-rich CHOs, AS, and SSBs were associated with 59% (ptrend<0.001), 44% (ptrend=0.01), and 34% (ptrend=0.03) higher risk of developing MetS, respectively. As expected, diet quality was lower across increasing quintiles of AS-rich CHO foods and beverages, AS, and SSBs (all ptrend<0.001). Conclusion Our study findings are consistent with an elevated risk of developing MetS with greater consumption of AS, AS-rich CHO foods, and SSBs which support consuming fewer AS-rich CHO foods and SSBs.

John Yudkin’s hypothesis: sugar is a major dietary culprit in the development of cardiovascular disease

“…However, only one clinical dietary intervention study has been conducted comparing the effects of sustained consumption of liquid versus solid sugar, and a significant group difference in body weight was not observed ( 138 ). Importantly, a recent prospective study found that both added sugar in food and added sugar in beverage increased the risk of developing metabolic syndrome during a 30-year follow-up ( 140 ). Therefore, more studies comparing liquid versus solid sugar are needed to determine whether the consumption of liquid sugar is more detrimental than solid sugar and investigators need to be aware of this.…”