Consumption of Ground Beef Obtained from Cattle That Had Received Steroidal Growth Promotants Does Not Trigger Early Onset of Estrus in Prepubertal Pigs

Magolski, J.D.; Shappell, Nancy W.; Vonnahme, K. A.; Anderson, Giovana Maranho; Newman, David J.; Berg, E. P.

doi:10.3945/jn.114.198127

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…For context, based on data from our laboratory, the estrogenic activity of SBHs could be expected to range from 4 to 20% of SBM. These estimates are based on E-Screen analysis of SBM in our laboratory yielding 127 E 2 Eqs ng g −1 dry matter ( 19 ), and are similar to analysis by YES assay [29–100 E 2 Eqs]. The measured quantities of estrogenic activity of SBH are in line with the phytoestrogen content of hulls, reported to be 11–15% of whole soybeans or 15% of SBM from chemical analysis ( 27 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Depending on species, variety, season and drying time, the amount of isoflavones found in legumes, such as soybeans, alfalfa, and clover, can vary ( 11 , 16 – 18 ). While the estrogenic activity of soybean meal (SBM) (45% crude protein) was assessed using the in vitro cellular proliferation assay (E-Screen) and found to average 113 ng g −1 as fed ( 19 ), the estrogenic activity of SBHs has not been evaluated. Therefore, SBH samples collected from various suppliers, and serum samples collected from steers of the Carter et al ( 7 ) study were analyzed by E-Screen to assess the estrogenicity of SBHs and determine if there is an association between serum prolactin and serum estrogenic activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Steroid Implant and Dietary Soybean Hulls on Estrogenic Activity of Sera of Steers Grazing Toxic Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Pasture

2015

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Soybean hulls (SBHs) have been fed to cattle pasturing on endophyte-infected tall fescue in attempts to increase rate of gain. Literature reports indicated some symptoms associated with fescue toxicosis were ameliorated by the use of steroidal implants containing estradiol (E2) and progesterone [implantation (IMP)], feeding SBHs, or the combination of the two. While the mechanism for amelioration was unclear, the SBHs were postulated as acting as a diluent of the toxic factors of the fescue. Alternatively, estradiol and phytoestrogens of SBHs might be acting through relaxation of the persistent vasoconstriction found in animals ingesting ergot alkaloids of endophyte-infected fescue. If so, estrogenic activity of serum of steers receiving SBHs, IMP, or a combination of the two should be elevated. Using the cellular proliferation assay of estrogenicity (E-Screen), estradiol equivalents (E2Eqs) were determined on both SBHs and the serum of steers from a previously reported study. Range of SBHs was 5.0–8.5 ng Eqs g−1 DM (mean 6.5, n = 4 from different commercial sources of SBHs). At the rate fed, theoretically calculated blood E2Eq could be physiologically relevant (~80 pg mL−1, based on 2.3 kg SBHs d−1, 300 kg steer, 5.7% blood volume, and 10% absorption). Serum E2Eqs did increase in steers (P ≤ 0.05) with steroidal implants or fed SBHs by 56 and 151% over control, respectively, and treatments were additive (211% increase). Serum prolactin was also greatest for the SBH + IMP group (188 ng mL−1, P < 0.05), concentrations comparable to values reported for steers grazing endophyte-free fescue. Prolactin in the SBH group was higher than IMP or control groups (146 versus 76 and 60 ng mL−1, respectively). Still unknown is if additional E2Eqs from dietary phytoestrogens or exogenous sources of estradiol can further reduce symptoms of fescue toxicosis. The E-Screen assay was an effective tool in monitoring serum for estrogenic effects of dietary supplementation with SBHs or estrogenic implants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Steroid Implant and Dietary Soybean Hulls on Estrogenic Activity of Sera of Steers Grazing Toxic Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Pasture

2015

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“…Initial ground beef samples had been prepared for a feeding trial (Magolski et al., ) from the deboned carcasses of steers (2 ea) raised either with or without the use of implants containing an anabolic steroid and estrogen (Synovex Choice™, 100 mg of trenbolone acetate and 14 mg of estradiol benzoate, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA, USA). Implants were administered in standard approved manner: at weaning (approximately 230 kg body weight) and again at 410 kg of body weight.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An In Vitro Comparison of Estrogenic Equivalents Per Serving Size of Some Common Foods

Shappell

Berg

Magolski

et al. 2019

Journal of Food Science

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The public assumes that some foods, such as milk and ground beef from cattle receiving steroidal implants, are associated with estrogenic hormones, while other foods are presumed "safe" or nonestrogenic. Here, we investigate these assumptions by assessing the relative estrogenic activity of a serving size of four foods: skim milk (8 oz), rice (48 g dry wt) in cooking bag, ground beef patties from steers raised with or without hormone implantation (quarter lb each, 114 g), and tofu burgers (isocaloric to beef burger, 198 g), using an in vitro assay (E-Screen). Mean picogram (pg) estradiol equivalents (E2Eqs) on a serving basis were as follows: skim milk 120; rice 400; rice prepared in cooking bag 370; rice boiling bag alone 4 pg per bag, ground beef burger (obtained from the tissue of cattle that had received no hormone implants) 389, beef burger (obtained from cattle that had received hormone implant) 384, and tofu burger 1,020,000. Rice E2Eqs were highly variable, but the plastic cooking bags provided by the manufacturer added negligible E2Eqs. The source of estrogenic activity in rice may have been due to contamination with the mycotoxin zearalenone. The E-Screen E2Eqs of tofu burger extracts agreed with those predicted based on chemical concentrations of the most estrogenic component times their E2Eq factor. While a tofu burger contained around three times the estrogenic activity of a daily dose of estrogen replacement therapy (125 mg, Premarin R , 303,000 pg); the other foods--a quarter pound ground beef burger at approximately equal calorie count, a serving of milk, or rice, were all at least 750-fold less estrogenic.Practical Application: When consuming the recognized serving size of a food, how much estrogenic activity can we expect? While the public assumes that some foods, such as milk and ground beef from cattle receiving steroidal implants, are associated with estrogenic hormones, other foods are presumed "safe" or nonestrogenic. Using one assay, a tofu burger contained three times the estrogenic activity of a dose of hormone replacement therapy commonly prescribed for women after hysterectomy or menopause (Premarin R ); while other foods--a quarter pound ground beef burger at approximately equal calorie count, a serving of milk, or rice, were all at least 750-fold less estrogenic.

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“…Total estrogenicity (estradiol equivalents, E 2 Eqs) was measured by the in vitro E-screen assay using the MCF-7 BOS, estrogen-dependent cell line (derived from a human mammary epithelial carcinoma, provided by Drs. Ana Soto and Carlos Sonnenschein, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA) as previously described (3,30). Select serum samples (Days 0, 8) were extracted with acetonitrile (ACN 1:2 v/v), vortexed, centrifuged, and the serum/ACN supernatant dried and stored at −20 • C. Sample pellet weights were used to calculate serum recovery.…”

Section: Serum Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive Performance of Mares Fed Dietary Zearalenone

et al. 2019

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It is known that zearalenone (ZON) interacts directly with estrogen receptors, and its in vivo effects on reproduction have been well-documented in several species. In contrast, reports of ZON's impact on horse reproduction are conflicting and inconclusive, some studies confounded by the presence of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol in the feed. This study assesses the effect of chronic consumption of zearalenone on reproduction in cycling mares fed >95% pure ZON (0, 2, or 8 mg/da; n = 7 mares/treatment) for three estrous cycles, followed by artificial insemination, through 16 days of pregnancy. Animals were on ZON treatment for between 70 and 121 days (average 84) depending on individual cycle patterns. ZON-induced changes in serum concentration of estradiol (E 2) and progesterone (P 4), and total estrogenicity were measured using RIAs and the E-screen assay, respectively. Effects on reproductive physiology and pregnancy were monitored by ultrasound and clinical parameters. No significant changes were found in reproductive hormone levels of E 2 , or P 4 for mares on ZON treatments compared to controls, although there was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in P 4 levels across Cycle number in High ZON (8 mg/da) treated mares. There was also an increasing trend in the interovulatory interval in the High ZON treatment group. The overall estrogenicity was similar across treatments and over time, not differing from controls or between ZON treatment groups. Adverse uterine and ovarian effects were also not observed, but pregnancy rates were mixed with only 4 of 7 mares on Low ZON becoming pregnant, and only 3 maintaining pregnancy and fetal heartbeat by Day 30, compared to 5 of 6 control mares and all 7 mares on High ZON. Because reproductive efficiency and hormone concentrations are highly variable across individuals, this study did not demonstrate that ZON at 2 or 8 mg/da was detrimental to mares' reproduction. Yet, inferring that ZON treatments were completely without effect is also not appropriate, as the absence of measurable significant differences could be attributed to the limited sample size. Most importantly, there were no extreme signs of toxicology, in contrast to previous reports when ZON was fed at these "doses."

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Consumption of Ground Beef Obtained from Cattle That Had Received Steroidal Growth Promotants Does Not Trigger Early Onset of Estrus in Prepubertal Pigs

Abstract: Consumption of beef from growth implanted or natural steers or tofu at levels similar to those typically consumed by humans did not impact growth or onset of estrus in these prepubertal gilts.

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

The Effects of Steroid Implant and Dietary Soybean Hulls on Estrogenic Activity of Sera of Steers Grazing Toxic Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Pasture

The Effects of Steroid Implant and Dietary Soybean Hulls on Estrogenic Activity of Sera of Steers Grazing Toxic Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Pasture

An In Vitro Comparison of Estrogenic Equivalents Per Serving Size of Some Common Foods

Reproductive Performance of Mares Fed Dietary Zearalenone

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