Consumption of lead-shot cervid meat and blood lead concentrations in a group of adult Norwegians

Meltzer, Helle Margrete; Dahl, Hildegunn; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Birgisdóttir, Bryndís Eva; Knutsen, Helle Katrine; Bernhoft, Aksel; Oftedal, Bente; Lande, Unni Støbet; Alexander, Jan; Haugen, Margaretha; Ydersbond, Trond A.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2013.08.007

Cited by 45 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…These scenarios were based on free-living game consumption frequency reported by Florijančić (9) in a population group whose 93 % declared to consume game and 51 % were hunters and their household members. Categorisation by consumption frequency was taken over from the study by Meltzer et al (11). In our calculations we assumed that an average adult person weighs 70 kg and that a meal of raw meat or liver weighed 150 g wet mass [100 g when cooked; (44)], based on average mass of meat and offal eaten a day by adults from other countries (45,46), since reliable data for Croatia do not exist.…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Weekly exposure to Cd, Pb, and Hg from meat and liver was estimated based on mean or 95 th percentile metal levels [34][35][36][37]. Wild boar was hunted at locations 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 (based on references [33][34][35][36][37][38]. Pheasant and hare were hunted at hunting estate Molve -1 (based on references 29,30) and three consumption scenarios, i.e.…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Food is the main source of non-occupational exposure to Cd, Pb, and Hg in the non-smoking adult population (4)(5)(6). Free-living game is dominantly consumed by hunters and their families and friends (2,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). The 65,000 hunters registered in Croatia in 2012 constituted about 1.4 % of the general population (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some pointed out that regular intake of free-living game is likely to result in exceeding the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for Cd and Pb (14)(15)(16)(17) proposed by the EFSA (5,18). Epidemiological studies reported an association between human blood Pb concentration and consumption of free-living game, small, especially birds (13,19,20), and big, like deer, moose, and reindeer (8,11,21,22), but some studies did not report such association for Cd and Hg (21,22). The prevailing sources of high Pb in free-living game meat appear to be fragments of lead ammunition (16,(23)(24)(25).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EFSA considers frequent consumers of free-living game meat and offal to be exposed to higher Cd (only from offal) and Pb levels than the general adult population (5,6). In 2011 and 2012, German, Swedish, Spanish, and British national food authorities advised pregnant women and children to reduce game consumption [reviewed by Green and Pain (13) and Meltzer et al (11)]. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Exposure Assessment Among Croatian Consumers of Free-Living Game

Lazarus

Crnić²,

Bilandžić

et al. 2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Free-living game can be an important source of dietary cadmium and lead; the question is whether exposure to these two elements is such that it might cause adverse health effects in the consumers. The aim of this study was to estimate dietary exposure to cadmium, lead, and mercury from free-living big game (fallow deer, roe deer, red deer, wild boar, and brown bear), and to mercury from small game (pheasant and hare), hunted in Croatia from 1990 to 2012. The exposure assessment was based on available literature data and our own measurements of metal levels in the tissues of the game, by taking into account different consumption frequencies (four times a year, once a month and once a week). Exposure was expressed as percentage of (provisional) tolerable weekly intake [(P)TWI] values set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Consumption of game meat (0.002-0.5 % PTWI) and liver (0.005-6 % PTWI) assumed for the general population (four times a year) does not pose a health risk to consumers from the general population, nor does monthly (0.02-6 % PTWI) and weekly (0.1-24 % PTWI) consumption of game meat. However, because of the high percentage of free-living game liver and kidney samples exceeding the legislative limits for cadmium (2-99 %) and lead (1-82 %), people should keep the consumption of certain game species' offal as low as possible. Children and pregnant and lactating women should avoid eating game offal altogether. Free-living game liver could be an important source of cadmium if consumed on a monthly basis (3-74 % TWI), and if consumed weekly (11-297 % TWI), it could even give rise to toxicological concern.

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Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Exposure Assessment Among Croatian Consumers of Free-Living Game

Lazarus

Crnić²,

Bilandžić

et al. 2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Ammunition Type and Shot Placement Determine Lead Fragmentation in Deer

et al. 2020

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Lead remnants from spent ammunition introduce health risks to humans and wildlife that consume game harvested with firearms. Most current research has focused on effects of high‐velocity rifle bullets, whereas low‐velocity lead ammunition has received little attention. We examined whether fragmentation characteristics differed between 3 common low‐velocity ammunition types when shot into the thoracic cavity or shoulder of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) culled in Indiana, USA, from May–September of 2009. We shot and subsequently radiographed 43 deer to determine the number of fragments, fragment size, and distance traveled by individual fragments. We also radiographed deer post‐evisceration to determine the proportion of fragments available to humans and wildlife scavengers for consumption in muscle and visceral tissue, respectively. All radiographed deer had evidence of fragmentation, with a geometric mean of 13.1 (95% CI = 10.3, 16.8) fragments/deer. Most fragments (89%) were <5 mm from wound channels, and no fragment traveled beyond 205 mm from a wound channel. Fragments were often retained within the muscle tissue of deer with a geometric mean rate of 0.55 (95% CI = 0.48, 0.65). Muzzleloader bullet fragments were larger than those generated by rifled and sabot slugs, and sabot slug fragments had the shortest dispersal from wound channels. Shoulder‐shot placement and bone contact for all ammunition resulted in a greater number of fragments (P < 0.01). Shoulder‐shots also generated more small fragments and higher fragment retention in muscle tissue. The overall mean number of lead fragments detected across our ammunition treatments was less than previous studies. Our results indicate ammunition type and shot placement may be considerations for hunters wishing to limit their potential exposure to lead from harvested big game. Additionally, when compared to high‐velocity rifle bullets, significantly fewer lead fragments are made available to humans and wildlife that consume game harvested with low‐velocity ammunition types, such as those tested here. Complete elimination of lead ingestion by humans and wildlife, however, is only possible by using non‐toxic ammunition alternatives. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.

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Metal deposition of copper and lead bullets in moose harvested in Fennoscandia

2017

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Fragments from bullets used for moose (Alces alces) hunting contaminate meat, gut piles, and offal and expose humans and scavengers to lead and copper. We sampled bullets (n ¼ 1,655) retrieved from harvested moose in Fennoscandia (Finland, Sweden, and Norway) to measure loss of lead and copper. Concordant questionnaires (n ¼ 5,255) supplied ballistic information to complete this task. Hunters preferred lead-based

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Consumption of lead-shot cervid meat and blood lead concentrations in a group of adult Norwegians

Cited by 45 publications

References 33 publications

Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Exposure Assessment Among Croatian Consumers of Free-Living Game

Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Exposure Assessment Among Croatian Consumers of Free-Living Game

Ammunition Type and Shot Placement Determine Lead Fragmentation in Deer

Metal deposition of copper and lead bullets in moose harvested in Fennoscandia

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