Consumption of red meat, genetic susceptibility, and risk of LADA and type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Purpose Red meat consumption is positively associated with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes. We investigated if red meat consumption increases the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and T2D, and potential interaction with family history of diabetes (FHD), HLA and TCF7L2 genotypes. Methods Analyses were based on Swedish case–control data comprising incident cases of LADA (n = 465) and T2D (n = 1528) with matched, population-based controls (n = 1789; n = 1553 in genetic analyses). Multivariable-adjusted ORs in relation to self-reported processed and unprocessed red meat intake were estimated by conditional logistic regression models. Attributable proportion (AP) due to interaction was used to assess departure from additivity of effects. Results Consumption of processed red meat was associated with increased risk of LADA (per one servings/day OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.07–1.52), whereas no association was observed for unprocessed red meat. For T2D, there was no association with red meat intake once BMI was taken into account. The combination of high (> 0.3 servings/day vs. less) processed red meat intake and high-risk HLA-DQB1 and -DRB1 genotypes yielded OR 8.05 (95% CI 4.86–13.34) for LADA, with indications of significant interaction (AP 0.53, 95% CI 0.32–0.73). Results were similar for the combination of FHD-T1D and processed red meat. No interaction between processed red meat intake and FHD-T2D or risk variants of TCF7L2 was seen in relation to LADA or T2D. Conclusion Consumption of processed but not unprocessed red meat may increase the risk of LADA, especially in individuals with FHD-T1D or high-risk HLA genotypes.

Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

“…Some studies have reported PRM or URM consumption to be positively associated with T2DM incidence [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. However, other studies have reported an inverse or null association between red meat intake and T2DM incidence [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Lifestyle or Environmental Influences and Their Interaction With Genetic Susceptibility on the Risk of LADA

“…These subgroups will be referred to as LADA high and LADA low . A handful of studies included data on interaction with genetic risk factors, primarily HLA risk genotypes ( 28 , 36 , 40 , 43 , 48 , 50 , 51 ). In these studies, carriers of HLA high risk had genotypes DR3/3, DR3/4, DR4/4, or haplotypes of DR4-DQ8 or DR3-DQ2 and carriers of HLA low/intermediate risk had DR3/X, DR4/X, DRX/X or DR4-DQ7.…”

Combined lifestyle factors and the risk of LADA and type 2 diabetes – Results from a Swedish population-based case-control study

“…Estimation of a healthy diet was based on the ''Life's Simple 7" dietary goals [3] including intake of vegetables and fruit (low-risk cut-off: >400 g/day), fish (>2 servings/week), sugarsweetened beverages (<150 g/d, equals 64 kcal), whole-grain (>48 g/d), and sodium (<1.5 g/d). We additionally included consumption of processed red meat (<1 serving/d), because it has recently been associated with increased risk of LADA and type 2 diabetes [22]. Participants were classified into three categories based on the healthy diet score, i.e.…”

“…LADA also shares features with type 2 diabetes, including adult onset, insulin resistance [9,13] and, according to some studies [14,15] increased frequency of TCF7L2 risk genotypes, which is primarily seen for less autoimmune LADA [16]. Lifestyle factors linked to type 2 diabetes have been associated with LADA [17] including overweight [18] physical inactivity [19,20] diet [21,22] smoking [23] and alcohol consumption [24]. However, to what extent the combination of healthy lifestyle factors may reduce the risk of LADA is not clear; to date only one study, based on few cases and a limited number of lifestyle factors have addressed this issue [25].…”