Consumption of sugars, saturated fat, and sodium among US children from infancy through preschool age, NHANES 2009–2014

Wang, Yu; Guglielmo, Dana; Welsh, Jean A.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy168

Cited by 39 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In our study, most food sources of added sugars consumed by young children (2‐5 y) were similar to those eaten by school‐aged children and adolescents, including “soft and fruit drinks” followed by “cakes, cookies, and pies,” “breakfast cereals,” “sweet snacks,” and “milk‐based drinks,” all of them considered ultra‐processed foods. Just as we observed, others have demonstrated that “soft and fruit drinks” consumption is high and is a leading source of added sugars, contributing to approximately one‐third of the added sugars consumed by all children . Due to their substantial contribution to total added sugars intake, previous policy efforts have focused on added sugars from beverages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current added sugars intake in the United States far exceeds national and global guidelines. Young and older children consume on average 14% and 16%, respectively, of total energy intake from added sugars . This is particularly worrying given that a number of studies have linked high consumption of added sugar in early childhood to an increased preference for sweet foods and beverages, dental caries, and excess weight in mid‐childhood and to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and obesity later in life …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Consumption of ultra‐processed foods and its association with added sugar content in the diets of US children, NHANES 2009‐2014

2019

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Background: There is cumulative recognition that increases in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods result in deterioration of the nutritional quality of the overall diet and adverse health outcomes. Objective:The purpose of this study was to assess the consumption of ultraprocessed foods and to examine its association with added sugar content in the diet of US children aged 2 to 19 years. Methods:We classified all food items according to the NOVA food classification system and looked at the consumption of ultra-processed foods, measured as percentage of total energy intake. We assessed dietary added sugar content by estimating its contribution to total energy intake and the proportion of individuals with diets exceeding the recommended limit of 10% of total energy intake from added sugars. We also examined the proportion of those who surpassed twice that limit. Gaussian and Poisson regressions estimated the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and estimates of added sugar content.Results: Ultra-processed foods contributed to 65% of total energy intake and to 92% of energy from added sugars in the diet of US children. The mean percent energy provided by added sugars in the observed period was 14.3%. Most individuals (70.9%) had diets exceeding the recommended limit of added sugar (<10% of total energy intake), and 18.4% of the population had diets surpassing twice the recommended level (20% of total energy intake). A 5.5% point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods determined a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars, with stronger adjusted associations among younger children. Conclusions:Public health efforts to reduce added sugars in the diet of US children must put greater emphasis on decreasing the consumption of ultra-processed foods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of ultra‐processed foods and its association with added sugar content in the diets of US children, NHANES 2009‐2014

2019

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“…The use of added salt and sugar intake is inseparably associated with sodium and added/free sugars intake, which also increased with children’s age [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 28 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. Unfortunately, many infants and toddlers around the world have intakes of sodium [ 25 , 26 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 43 ] and added/free sugars [ 22 , 28 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 45 ] already close to the upper limit or even above recommendations. Interestingly, many studies conducted on infants and children have shown that boys compared to girls had a higher intake of sodium [ 21 , 23 , 26 , 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Added Salt and Sugar in the Diet of Polish and Austrian Toddlers. Associated Factors and Dietary Patterns, Feeding and Maternal Practices

Masztalerz-Kozubek

Zielińska

Rust

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Children aged <2 years should not be given meals with the addition of salt and sugar due to health risks and to promote healthier dietary habits. The aims of this study were: to assess the prevalence of the use of added salt (AS), sugar (ASu) and both salt and sugar (AS&Su) in the diets of Polish and Austrian toddlers aged 12–24 and 25–36 months; to explore the sociodemographic and early nutritional factors associated with the use of AS and ASu; to investigate the difference in dietary habits and maternal concerns about toddlers’ eating regarding the use of AS and ASu in toddlers’ diet. This cross-sectional anonymous study was conducted in 5893 mothers of children aged 12–36 months, recruited through social media in 2017–2019. The questionnaire consisted of questions about sociodemographics, early feeding practices and current children’s nutrition (e.g., use of AS and ASu, food frequency questionnaire). Multivariate logistic regression and cluster analyses were applied. Austrian mothers more often used AS than mothers from Poland (at 2 years old: 74.8% vs. 52.8%; at 3 years old 87.4% vs. 74.4%, p ≤ 0.001), however Polish mothers were more prone to use ASu (at 2 years old: 34.7% vs. 27.7%; at 3 years old: 59.0% vs. 45.8%, p ≤ 0.001). In younger toddlers (12–24 months), the odds of using of AS, ASu, and AS&Su increased with toddlers’ age, when the mother was a multipara, was not currently breastfeeding, or had exclusively breastfed for 4–5 months. This risk decreased when older toddlers (25–36 months) were introduced to solids by baby-led weaning (BLW). Toddlers from both countries who consumed meals with AS or ASu more often a followed Western-like dietary pattern. Our study emphasizes the need for parental nutritional education when beginning to introduce solid foods.

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“…Comparing the main food group contributors to nutrient intake is difficult because food groupings often differ between countries. However, in European studies, milk and dairy products, meat and meat products, and oils and fats provide a large contribution to total fat, SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs among older children [8,70,71]. By contrast, in the US NHANES 2011-2014 study, for children 2-18 years of age (n = 5876), milk, sweet bakery products, and pizza were the top three food sources of SFAs [72].…”

Section: Contributions Of Food Groups To Fat and Major Fatty Acid Conmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…European data, such as the Identification and Prevention of Dietary-and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS study) of children 2 to 9 years of age from 8 countries, show that the Mediterranean dietary pattern is inversely associated with childhood obesity [6]. Also, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES study) 2009-2014, a cross-sectional study of non-breastfeeding American children under 5 years of age, the intake of SFAs was higher than the recommendation (12.8% of TCV) [8]. It should be noted that in NHANES III, the presence of children at home was associated with higher consumption of total fat and SFAs [28] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Total Fat and Fatty Acids, and Relationships with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years: Results of the EsNuPI Study

Madrigal

Soto-Méndez²,

Leis

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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We aimed to determine the usual intake of total fat, fatty acids (FAs), and their main food sources in a representative cohort of the Spanish pediatric population aged 1 to <10 years (n = 707) who consumed all types of milk and an age-matched cohort who consumed adapted milk over the last year (including follow-on formula, toddler’s milk, growing-up milk, and fortified and enriched milks) (n = 741) who were participants in the EsNuPI study (in English, Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population). Dietary intake, measured through two 24 h dietary recalls, was compared to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN-FAO) recommendations. Both cohorts showed a high intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), according to FAO recommendations, as there are no numerical recommendations for SFAs at EFSA. Also, low intake of essential fatty acids (EFAs; linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of the n-3 series, mainly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were observed according to EFSA and FAO recommendations. The three main sources of total fat and different FAs were milk and dairy products, oils and fats, and meat and meat products. The consumption of adapted milk was one of the main factors associated with better adherence to the nutritional recommendations of total fat, SFAs, EFAs, PUFAs; and resulted as the main factor associated with better adherence to n-3 fatty acids intake recommendations. Knowledge of the dietary intake and food sources of total fat and FAs in children could help in designing and promoting effective and practical age-targeted guidelines to promote the consumption of EFA- and n-3 PUFA-rich foods in this stage of life.

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Consumption of sugars, saturated fat, and sodium among US children from infancy through preschool age, NHANES 2009–2014

Abstract: The consumption of sugars, fats, and sodium exceeds recommended guidelines before many US children reach school age.

Cited by 39 publications

References 41 publications

Consumption of ultra‐processed foods and its association with added sugar content in the diets of US children, NHANES 2009‐2014

Consumption of ultra‐processed foods and its association with added sugar content in the diets of US children, NHANES 2009‐2014

The Use of Added Salt and Sugar in the Diet of Polish and Austrian Toddlers. Associated Factors and Dietary Patterns, Feeding and Maternal Practices

Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Total Fat and Fatty Acids, and Relationships with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years: Results of the EsNuPI Study

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