Consumption of transglycosylated starch down-regulates expression of mucosal innate immune response genes in the large intestine using a pig model

Abstract

Benefits of resistant starch (RS) consumption on host physiology encompass microbial activity-derived attenuation of intestinal inflammation. However, little is known about anti-inflammatory properties of RS of type 4. This study compared the effects of transglycosylated starch (TGS) consumption on the jejunal barrier function and expression of genes related to inflammation, barrier function and the mucosal defence in jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon of pigs. Moreover, interactions of TGS-induced alterations in bacterial metabolites and composition with host mucosal responses were assessed using sparse partial least squares regression and relevance network analysis. Intestinal samples were collected after pigs (n 8/diet; 4 months of age) were fed the experimental diets for 10 d. Consumption of TGS did not modify jejunal barrier function and gene expression. By contrast, TGS down-regulated the caecal expression of zonula occludens-1 and mucin 2 and of genes within the toll-like receptor 4 and NF-κB pro-inflammatory signalling cascade. Relevance networks revealed a microbiome signature on ileal, caecal and colonic mucosal signalling as TGS-derived changes in bacterial genera and fermentation acids, such as propionic acid, correlated with the differently expressed genes in ileum, caecum and colon of pigs. In conclusion, the present findings suggest certain anti-inflammatory capabilities of TGS by down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory pathways in the caecal mucosa, which seems to be mediated, at least in part, by TGS-induced changes in microbial action in the large intestine.

Transglycosylated starch accelerated intestinal transit and enhanced bacterial fermentation in the large intestine using a pig model

“…This is interesting as this genus has been reported to increase during fasting and on lower-starch diets by feeding mostly on host glycans (44) . Therefore, an indirect effect via the modification of the host glycan expression may explain the TGS-related decline in Oscillospira abundance, which would be in line with our previous observation for a 61 % lower mucin 2 expression at the caecal mucosa in TGS-compared to CON-fed pig (16) . A similar dependency may explain the reduced abundance of Christensenellaceae in ileal digesta and faeces of TGS-compared with CON-fed pigs.…”

“…Previously, Dialister has been related to the anti-inflammatory effect of whole-grain diets as increased numbers of this genus have been associated with lower IL-6 levels in the plasma of humans (41) . Similarly, we recently reported the anti-inflammatory properties of TGS and could link an enhanced Dialister abundance with lower toll-like receptor-4 expression in the colon of TGS-fed pigs (16) .…”

“…The two experimental diets were formulated to meet or exceed current recommendations for nutrient requirements of growing pigs (15) and only differed in the starch component ( Table 1). The starch component of the control (CON) diet was a rapidly digestible waxy maize starch (Agrana Research and Innovation Center GmbH), whereas in the TGS diet, 50 % of the native waxy maize starch was replaced by TGS (Agrana Research and Innovation Center GmbH) (9,16) . As described before (9,16) , acid-catalysed transglycosylation of the native waxy maize starch was used to produce TGS.…”

“…The starch component of the control (CON) diet was a rapidly digestible waxy maize starch (Agrana Research and Innovation Center GmbH), whereas in the TGS diet, 50 % of the native waxy maize starch was replaced by TGS (Agrana Research and Innovation Center GmbH) (9,16) . As described before (9,16) , acid-catalysed transglycosylation of the native waxy maize starch was used to produce TGS. This process rearranged the glycosidic bonds in the native waxy maize starch, resulting in eight types of glycosydic bonds: (1,4), and β(1,6)-glycosidic bonds and a total dietary fibre content of 50 % in the final TGS product (method 2009.01) (17) .…”

Maternal dietary resistant starch does not improve piglet’s gut and liver metabolism when challenged with a high fat diet

“…These SCFAs, of which butyrate is the most beneficial for health, are able to prevent the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, and thus endorse healthpromoting bacteria [3]. Changes in microbial action due to RS seems to mediate, at least in part, the expression of pro-inflammatory pathways in caecum and colon [4]. RS in the diet initiates the suppression of both adaptive and innate immune response pathways in the colon [5].…”