Consumption of Whole Grain and Legume Powder Reduces Insulin Demand, Lipid Peroxidation, and Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract

Abstract-Our objective was to evaluate whether isocaloric replacement of refined rice with whole grains and other plant products as a form of powder reduces coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors, such as insulin demand and lipid peroxidation in CAD patients. Seventy-six male patients with CAD were randomly assigned to either a group ingesting a whole-grain meal daily or a control group for 16 weeks. In the whole-grain group, serum concentrations of glucose and insulin decreased by 24% and 14%, respectively, without altering body weight and energy intake, whereas daily intakes of fiber and vitamin E increased by 25% and 41%, respectively. Consumption of whole grains and legume powder in CAD patients without diabetes decreased fasting levels of glucose and insulin. The areas under the curve for insulin and glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test were also decreased. CAD patients with diabetes in the whole-grain group also showed reductions in fasting glucose and in the area under the curve for glucose. In the whole-grain group, plasma malondialdehyde and homocysteine and urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F 2␣ concentrations decreased by Ϸ28%. Also, lipid-corrected concentrations of ␣-carotene, retinol, tocopherols, and lycopene increased by 11% to 40%, and the percentage composition of n-6 fatty acids of serum phospholipid increased by 14% in the whole-grain group. The replacement of refined rice with whole grain and legume powder as a source of carbohydrate in a meal showed significant beneficial effects on glucose, insulin, and homocysteine concentrations and lipid peroxidation in CAD patients. These effects are likely to substantially reduce the risk factors for CAD and diabetes.

Effect of non-oil-seed pulses on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled experimental trials in people with and without diabetes

“…Of these reports, 226 were excluded based on other criteria, leaving 41 trials (39 reports) that satisfied the inclusion criteria but did not meet the exclusion criteria, of which 11 trials (ten reports) investigated pulses alone, 19 trials (19 reports) investigated pulses in a low-GI dietary intervention, and 11 trials (ten reports) investigated pulses in a high-fibre dietary intervention. Tables 1, 2, and 3 show the characteristics of the 41 randomised controlled experimental trials included in each of the three meta-analyses: pulses alone [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54], pulses in low-GI diets [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and pulses in highfibre diets [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. The 11 trials (ten reports) investigating pulses alone (Table 1) were predominantly crossover in design (seven trials, five of which had a washout period), studied a total of 253 participants (type 2 diabetes, n=21; normoglycaemia and/or hypercholesterolaemia, n=232) and had a mean sample size of 23.…”

Effect of Obesity and Insulin Resistance on Myocardial Substrate Metabolism and Efficiency in Young Women

“…Insulin resistance was quantified by the glucose area under the curve (AUC) obtained during the oral glucose tolerance test as described previously. 24 …”

Cereal grains, legumes and diabetes

“…Comparison of net differences between the two groups showed that the glucose and insulin response areas following an OGTT were lower in nondiabetic subjects after receiving the powder breakfast. Using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), insulin resistance and b-cell function were improved in the powder group relative to the control group in nondiabetic subjects (Jang et al, 2001). Pereira et al compared insulin sensitivity in overweight people with T2DM on diets that incorporated refined or whole grains.…”