Consumption of whole grains and legumes modulates the genetic effect of the APOA5 -1131C variant on changes in triglyceride and apolipoprotein A-V concentrations in patients with impaired fasting glucose or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

Abstract

BackgroundThe apolipoprotein A5 gene (APOA5) -1131 T > C polymorphism is associated with mild hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetic subjects, and interacts with dietary fat in the determination of triglyceride concentrations. We examined whether a substitution of whole grains and legumes for refined rice in a high carbohydrate diet (about 65% of energy derived from carbohydrate) may modify the effect of this variant on changes in apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V) and triglyceride concentrations.MethodsWe genotyped the APOA5 -1131 T > C in individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, who were randomly assigned to either a group ingesting whole grain and legume meals daily or a control group for 12 weeks.ResultsAfter dietary intervention, we observed significant interactions between the APOA5 -1131 T > C polymorphism and carbohydrate sources (whole grains and legumes versus refined rice) in the determination of mean percent changes in triglyceride and apoA-V (P interactions <0.001 and =0.038, respectively). In the refined rice group (n = 93), the carriers of the risk C allele (n = 50) showed a greater increase in the mean percent changes of triglyceride and apoA-V than noncarriers after adjusting for HOMA-IR (P = 0.004 and 0.021, respectively). The whole grain and legume group (n = 92), however, showed a decrease in fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, and triglyceride, and an increase in apoA-V, irrespective of genotype.ConclusionsThe data showed that the magnitude of the genetic effect of the APOA5 -1131C variant on triglyceride and apoA-V levels was modulated when substituting consumption of whole grains and legumes for refined rice as a carbohydrate source in IFG or diabetic subjects.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01784952.

Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report

“…At this point, however, no clear conclusions can be drawn regarding their utility owing to wide variations in the markers used for predicting outcomes, in the populations and nutrients studied, and in the associations found. Further, overall findings tend to support evidence from existing clinical trials and observational studies showing that people with markers indicating higher risk for diabetes, prediabetes, or insulin resistance have lower risk when they reduce calorie, carbohydrate, or saturated fat intake and/or increase fiber or protein intake compared with their peers (333)(334)(335)(336)(337).…”

Gene-environment interactions due to quantile-specific heritability of triglyceride and VLDL concentrations

“…Average triglyceride concentrations were higher on the low-fat than high-fat diet (1.43 vs. 1.08 mmol/L), and the difference between genotypes was correspondingly greater on the low-fat than the high fat diet (0.33 vs. 0.06 mmol/l difference) 70 . Figure 7B presents Kang et al 's report of significantly greater triglyceride increases from a refined rice diet in carriers of C-allele than TT homozygotes of the APOA5 -1131 T > C polymorphism (0.53 vs. −0.01 mmol/L, P = 0.02) 71 . Again, the difference between genotypes was greater after the diet than before (0.92 ± 0.04 vs. 0.38 ± 0.03 mmol/L difference) when average triglycerides were higher (2.03 ± 0.02 vs. 1.75 ± 0.01 mmol/L).…”

Supplementation with two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032, reduces fasting triglycerides and enhances apolipoprotein A-V levels in non-diabetic subjects with hypertriglyceridemia

“…Some earlier studies have shown that APOA5 -1131T > C polymorphism is associated with dietary factors (particularly dietary fat) in the determination of the TG levels [26,27]. The APOA5 -1131T > C gene variation has been shown to affect individual responses to dietary therapy in patients with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes [28,29]. However, a multiple linear regression analysis in this study showed that the probioticmediated changes in the TG levels were affected by the baseline levels of TG and FFA and not by the APOA5 -1131T > C genotypes.…”