Consumption of wild boar linked to cases of hepatitis E

Tamada, Yoko; Yano, Koji; Yatsuhashi, Hiroshi; Inoue, Osami; Mawatari, Fumihiro; Ishibashi, Hiromi

doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2003.12.026

Cited by 184 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Epidemiological studies have reported that HEV infection is prevalent among wild boars [5,12,26,30] and pigs [10,25] and have suggested that consumption of the meat and liver of these animals is a risk in terms of HEV infection in Japan [5,26,30]. In the present study, the positive rates of anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA (genotype III) in the wild boars were 4.5% (4/89) and 1.1% (1/89), respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 42%

Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan

Sakano

Morita

Shiono³

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in wild boars and pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, was serologically and genetically examined. The positive detection rates of anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA in the wild boars were 4.5% (4/89) and 1.1% (1/ 89), whereas those in the pigs were 74.6% (126/169) and 1.8% (3/169), respectively. The positive rates of anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA on the 17 pig farms in the present study ranged from 20% to 100%, respectively. One male wild boar approximately 5 years of age was positive for HEV RNA but was negative for anti-HEV IgG. Three pigs from 2 farms were positive for HEV RNA; 2 of these pigs were negative for HEV IgG, and the other was positive. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the HEV ORF1 genes detected in the present study belonged to genotype III. In Gunma Prefecture, HEV is highly prevalent and widespread, and uncooked wild boar and pig meat may have the potential to transmit HEV to humans. KEY WORDS: hepatitis E virus, Japan, swine, wild boar.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 71(1): 21-25, 2009 Hepatitis E virus (HEV), which belongs to the genus Hepevirus, is the causative agent of hepatitis E. Hepatitis E infection has been found in many developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, where the disease is an important public health concern [15]. HEV is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route such as in waterborne epidemics.Recent studies have suggested that HEV is divided into 4 genotypes designated as G I, G II, G III, and G IV [17]. The HEV infections in Asia and Africa are mainly caused by G I, and the majority of the GII infection have been reported in Mexico and Nigeria. On the other hand, only a single case of infection with GIII or GIV has been described in the United States, European counties, Argentina, Taiwan and China [17,21,22]. In Japan, most imported cases with G I have derived from epidemic areas such as Asia and Africa [2]; however, G III or G IV has also been detected in acute hepatitis patients who have never traveled to HEV epidemic areas [6,8,13,14,20,21,24,29]. These patients often have a history of consuming uncooked wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) meat and liver [5,27,28]. Also, HEV strains belonging to G I, G III or G IV have been detected in Japanese patients with sporadic acute or fulminate hepatitis E [8, 9, 19-22, 24, 31]. In addition, Yazaki et al. [31] reported that HEV RNA has been detected in 2% (7/363 packages) of sold pig liver on the market by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).In Japan, it has been suggested that the transmission route of HEV remains unclear in approximately 60% of infected patients [1]; zoonotic food-borne transmissions account for 30%, imported infection accounts for 8% and blood transfusion is responsible for 2%. In Gunma Prefecture, Japan, approximately 3,000 wild boars are annually slaughtered for meat [unpublished data], and the number of breeding pigs in the prefecture was approximately 6 million in 2005. According to the Gunma Pre...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 42%

Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan

Sakano

Morita

Shiono³

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Consumption of raw or undercooked meat from wild boar and deer has been identified as a source of HEV infection in humans (Matsuda et al 2003;Sonoda et al 2004;Takahashi et al 2004;Tamada et al 2004;Tei et al 2004;Li et al 2005). Yazaki et al (2003) investigated a series of 29 cases of sporadic hepatitis E occurring in Japan and identified nine patients with a history of having recently ingested grilled or undercooked pig liver 2-8 weeks before the onset of the disease.…”

Section: Hev Infection As a Zoonosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus (Hev) in South America: Current Status

Mirazo¹,

Ramos²,

Arbiza³

2012

VR&R

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common causative agent of acute hepatitis in many developing countries where standards of sanitation and hygiene are poor. HEV is transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route. However, zoonotic trasmission from animal reservoirs to human by consumption of raw or undercooked meat has also been suggested. In endemic areas, HEV infection occurs as large waterborne epidemics and/or small outbreaks. Sporadic cases of HEV infection have also been reported in developed countries, where its occurrence is not always associated with travel to highly endemic areas. HEV mammalian isolates are classifi ed into four genotypes 1-4, which appear to have a specifi c host range and geographical distribution. The epidemiology of HEV in South America seems to be complex and seroprevalence in human and domestic pigs diff ers both among populations within the same countries and between countries. Additionally, HEV strains have been detected and molecularly characterized and genotype 3 is the most frequently genotype found in the region. Moreover, except for two strains isolated from autochthonous cases of acute hepatitis that occurred in Venezuela and belonged to genotype 1, all sequences detected in South America were classifi ed as within genotype 3. Our understanding of HEV epidemiology has undergone major changes in recent years and despite the fact that several attempts to shed light over the epidemiology of this infection have been carried out in South America, data about the molecular characterization of HEV isolates is still lacking and further investigation is needed. This review summarizes the current status of HEV molecular epidemiology from a regional point of view.

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“…Zoonotic spread of HEV has been proposed and, indeed, documented in a few cases. Thus, several cases of hepatitis E following ingestion of raw or under-cooked pork were reported from Japan and one instance of a small outbreak of hepatitis E following ingestion of Sika deer meat was also reported from Japan (Masuda et al, 2005;Matsuda et al, 2003;Takahashi et al, 2004;Tamada et al, 2004;Tei et al, 2003). Furthermore, anti-HEV was found in 9% of wild boars and 2% of wild Sika deer in Japan (Sonoda et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using improved technology for filter paper-based blood collection to survey wild Sika deer for antibodies to hepatitis E virus

Zimmerman

Engle

et al. 2007

Journal of Virological Methods

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Recent reports from Japan implicated wild Sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E to humans. Seroprevalence studies were performed to determine if imported feral populations of Sika deer in Maryland and Virginia posed a similar risk of transmitting hepatitis E virus (HEV). Hunters collected blood on filter paper disks from freshly killed deer. The disks were desiccated and delivered to a collection point. The dried filters were weighed to estimate the amount of blood absorbed and were eluted and collected in one tube via a novel extraction system. The procedure was quantified and validated with negative and positive serum and blood samples obtained from domestic Sika deer before and after immunization with HEV recombinant capsid protein, respectively. None of the 155 tested samples contained antibody to HEV, suggesting that Sika deer in these populations, unlike those in Japan, do not pose a significant zoonotic threat for hepatitis E. However, the new method developed for collecting and eluting the samples should prove useful for field studies of many other pathogens.

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Consumption of wild boar linked to cases of hepatitis E

Cited by 184 publications

References 5 publications

Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan

Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan

Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus (Hev) in South America: Current Status

Using improved technology for filter paper-based blood collection to survey wild Sika deer for antibodies to hepatitis E virus

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