Contact and confidence: revisiting the impact of public encounters with the police

Contact is a stronger predictor of attitudes toward police than race: a state-of-the-art review

“…In this regard, there are lessons to be learned from the UK. The Crime Survey of England and Wales (formerly the British Crime Survey) has asked questions related to the effect of race/ ethnicity and contact on attitudes toward police since the 1980s (Bradford et al, 2009). Contact conceptualizations ought to be similarly specific and attitudinal measures, validated.…”

What matters to the public when they call the police? Insights from a call centre

“…Tyler (2011, p. 258) argues that 'quality of treatment dominates people's reactions to personal encounters with the police'. There is a wealth of research which supports this statement, arguing that when making a judgement of the police people are primarily concerned with how fairly they feel they were treated during contact (Reisig and Chandek 2001, Tyler and Huo 2002, Sunshine and Tyler 2003a, Belvedere et al 2005, Hinds 2007, 2009, Tyler and Fagan 2008, Bradford et al 2009a, Gau and Brunson 2010. According to Skogan (2006, p. 104): victims are less 'outcome'-orientated than they are 'process'-orientated -that is, they are less concerned about someone being caught or (in many instances) getting stolen property back, than they are in how promptly and responsibly they are treated by the authorities.…”

“…Trust in the police, for example, often defined as the belief that the police perform competently when undertaking the tasks assigned to them (Hough et al 2010, Jackson and Bradford 2010, Jackson et al 2011, has been shown to be closely linked to experiences of contact with the police. A substantial body of research has illustrated that contact with the police, particularly when deemed to be less than satisfactory by a member of the public, can reduce levels of public trust and confidence in this institution (Schafer et al 2003, Rosenbaum et al 2005, Allen et al 2006, Skogan 2006, Schuck et al 2008, Bradford et al 2009a, Bradford 2011. Although perhaps less apparent, evidence also exists that demonstrates how experiences of contact which are judged to be satisfactory by the public can have a positive effect on ratings of trust and confidence in the police (Tyler and Fagan 2008, Bradford et al 2009a, Myhill and Bradford 2012.…”

Extending Procedural Justice Theory: A Fiducia Report on the Design of New Survey Indicators

“…However it is not clear that this will necessarily be a negative association -work in the UK, for example, tends to find that while some minority groups have lower levels of trust in the police than the White majority, some have more trust (e.g. Bradford et al 2009), pointing to a complex relationship between ethnicity, immigration history and relationships with the criminal justice system.…”

“…Encounters with police officers are "teachable moments" (Tyler 2011) within which people obtain information concerning, for example, the trustworthiness of police, which then feeds into their legitimacy judgements and subsequent behaviours (Bradford et al 2009; The FIDUCIA survey will attempt to tap into these issues by including, alongside standard socio-demographic indicators, items on ethnicity and country of birth (as a measure of immigrant status). Direct measures of ethnicity are relatively unusual in many surveys outside the UK (surveyors often rely on proxies such as parent's country of birth), and an important contribution of the survey may be investigation of variation in experiences of police between majority and minority groups, and between migrants and D12.1 14 native-born.…”