Contact Engineering: Electrode Materials for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted world‐wide attention in both academia and industry. With the deeper understanding of hybrid perovskites materials, decent photovoltaic efficiencies have been witnessed in the corresponding photovoltaic devices. To date, substantial literatures have been published to review the rapid progress in this field, mainly focused on the understanding of materials properties, design of device configuration, and the investigation of their operational principles. In the context of device structure, the electrode is one of the essential components that influences not only the photon conversion efficiency, but also the stability of the resultant solar cells. Moreover, the electrodes take up a substantial amount in the total fabrication cost, which is believed to affect the commercialization process of perovskite photovoltaics significantly. This review briefly summarizes recent advances in the development of electrodes that receive relatively less attentions in the PSCs community. These contributions are believed to be substantially helpful to guide the delicate design of PSC devices, which can potentially expedite the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics.

“Unleaded” Perovskites: Status Quo and Future Prospects of Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells

“…The HTL could be either organic (mainly based on triarylamines) or inorganic (mainly based on copper metal) materials, such as spiro‐OMeTAD, poly[bis(4‐phenyl)(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl) amine] (PTAA), CuSCN, and copper phthalocyanine, acting as the HTL and electron blocking layer. The back electrode could be gold (Au), silver (Ag), and carbon (C) …”

Low-temperature carbon-based electrodes in perovskite solar cells

“…This suggests that, regarding the current research status, metal-electrode based PSCs might not be able to achieve long-term device stabilities. 100 Indeed, to the best of our knowledge, today the longest demonstrated operational stability of metal-based PSCs is 5000 h (illuminated with intensity of 13 mW cm À2 , which is almost 1/8 of the Sun irradiation intensity, under relative humidity of 70%), which is still too low for passing international PV standards of long-term stability. 24,47,101 2.1.4.…”

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Large Grain‐Size obtained by using the Lewis Acid‐Base Adduct of Thiourea

“…In addition to the variation of lead and organic precursors, some ligand compounds that serving as electron donor (Lewis‐bases) could also greatly impact the perovskite films properties. Three types of Lewis‐bases can coordinate with PbI 2 , that is, O‐donor (DMSO, NMP), N‐donor (Prydine, Aniline), and S‐donor (Thiourea, Thioacetamide) . The strong coordination molecule dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been adopted to fabricate uniform and dense perovskite films as immediate phase PbI 2 ⋅ DMSO and MAI ⋅ PbI 2 ⋅ DMSO complexes in the precursor solution .…”