Contact erosion in automotive DC relays

Leung, C.H.; Lee, A.

doi:10.1109/33.76517

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Arc erosion is a result of the high temperatures near or over the boiling points of the contact materials at the cathode and anode face. The amount of erosion per operation is dependent on the arcing time [72,111], circuit parameters [115,116], surrounding gas [117,118], and contact shape, size and contact material [115,118] among a multitude of other factors. However some broad guidelines can be made on the erosion behavior.…”

Section: Contact Erosion and Materials Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

A Uniform Pressure Electromagnetic Actuator for Forming Flat Sheets

Kamal

Daehn

2006

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

142

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High velocity electromagnetic forming can lead to better formability along with additional benefits. The spatial distribution of forming pressure in electromagnetic forming can be controlled by the configuration of the actuator. A new type of actuator is discussed which gives a uniform pressure distribution in forming. It also provides a mechanically robust design and has a high efficiency for flat sheet forming. A simplified analysis of the actuator is presented that helps in the design of the system. Examples of uses of the actuator are then presented, specifically with regards to forming shapes and surface embossing. Some practical challenges in the design of the actuator are also addressed. This paper emphasizes the approaches and engineering calculations required to effectively use this actuator.

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Section: Contact Erosion and Materials Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

A Uniform Pressure Electromagnetic Actuator for Forming Flat Sheets

Kamal

Daehn

2006

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

142

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“…It is widely accepted that the electrical contacts may have different erosion characteristics as a result of switching operations and load types (Leung and Lee, 1990). In the examined case, material transfer from anode to cathode has been recorded.…”

Section: Phenomenological Interpretation Of Contact Degradation Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generalized approaches concerning material transfer during current cycling will have to consider the long arc, short arc, and asymmetry bridge theories, in order to describe the observed transfer appearances (Leung and Lee, 1990). The surface analysis during the different stages of the testing sequence shows that the corrosion by-products on the contact proper are characterized by low adhesion properties.…”

Section: Phenomenological Interpretation Of Contact Degradation Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion effects on the electrical performance of silver metal contacts

Vassiliou

Dervos²

1999

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials

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In this work, commercial silver metal contacts welded on top of silver plated brass or brass substrates have been exposed to air rich in NaCl. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis of the exposed contact surfaces were performed to identify the corrosion byproducts on top of the silver contacts, suspending wafers, and welding materials. Surface corrosion products were mainly found to consist of small spherules of Cu-Zn or Ag-Cu compounds which cover the surface of the contact proper with low adhesion properties. They mainly originate from the underplating wafer or welding materials. Electrical characterization of the contacting materials was based on dc temperature overheat tests, current switching cycle tests, and energy storage during ac current excitation. The experimental results display that the operating environment is indeed a very significant parameter determining the overall performance of the electrical contacts. New design rules as well as material selection properties may have to be systematically considered to allow for electrochemical induced degradation in saline operating environments.

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“…Make arc erosion and welding have been studied in previous papers at high electrical power [5]- [8]. In the automotive area, only one recent paper has investigated contact welding [9], and only a few papers deals with contact erosion [10], [11]. These later studies were undertaken under natural bounce conditions at make, which do not allow accurate erosion and welding studies to be made.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Make arc erosion and welding in the automotive area

Morin

Jemaa²,

Jeannot³

et al. 2000

IEEE Trans. Comp. Packag. Technol.

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A make arc has been investigated using a new testing apparatus. This apparatus which includes a piezo-translator, enables controlled bouncing to be studied at make under mechanical conditions similar to those encountered in automotive relays. Material transfer and welding tendency of silver, silver alloys and silver metal oxide contact materials have been studied under inductive, resistive and lamp loads at 14 V dc and 10-70 A.With all loads, anode to cathode material transfer has been observed. AgCdO, Ag and AgNi under lamp and resistive loads show the highest material transfer, as opposed to non doped and doped AgSnO 2 under inductive loads. This well known transfer is due to the anodic arc, which occurs during bounces when the gap between the contacts is shorter than 5 m, at the beginning and the end of the bounce.We have demonstrated that welding occurs in the beginning of the bounce, i.e. when the contacts begin to separate under arc, and not when the contacts close under arc at the end of the bounce. It was found that welding occurs mainly with Ag, AgCdO, AgZnO, AgFeRe, and AgFeOx contact materials, and under high inrush current produced by lamp loads.Index Terms-AgMeOx, arc bounce, automotive, contact material, make arc, material transfer, welding.

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Contact erosion in automotive DC relays

Cited by 31 publications

References 5 publications

A Uniform Pressure Electromagnetic Actuator for Forming Flat Sheets

A Uniform Pressure Electromagnetic Actuator for Forming Flat Sheets

Corrosion effects on the electrical performance of silver metal contacts

Make arc erosion and welding in the automotive area

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