Contact Tracing during Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, South Korea, 2020

Park, Young Joon; Choe, Young June; Park, Ok; Park, Shin Young; Kim, Youngman; Kim, Jieun; Kweon, Sanghui; Woo, Yeonhee; Gwack, Jin; Kim, Seong Sun; Liu, Jin; Hyun, Junghee; Ryu, Boyeong; Jang, Yoon Suk; Kim, Hwami; Shin, Seung Hwan; Yi, Seonju; Lee, Sangeun; Kim, Hee Kyoung; Lee, Hyeyoung; Jin, Youngho; eun-mi, Park; Choi, Seung Woo; Kim, Miyoung; Song, Jeongsuk; Choi, Si won; Kim, Dong-Wook; Jeon, Byoung-Hak; Yoo, Hyuk Sang; Jeong, Eun Kyeong

doi:10.3201/eid2610.201315

Cited by 478 publications

(538 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These differences in contact patterns and household structure appear to be an important channel for understanding the transmission of COVID-19, and how targeted policies may succeed or fail at stymying its spread. For instance, large scale studies in South Korea and China find substantial evidence of intra-household transmission, especially by young children infecting older family members when schools are allowed to stay open (Park et al, 2020;Zhao et al, 2019). We incorporate these considerations into our model through the use of contact matrices which disaggregate the frequency of close proximity contacts between different age groups at different locations.…”

Section: More Person-to-person Contacts and Intergenerational Cohabitmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Should Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Differ in the Developing World?

Alon¹,

Kim²,

Lagakos³

et al. 2020

130

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This paper quantitatively analyzes how policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic should differ in developing countries. To do so we build an incomplete-markets macroeconomic model with heterogeneous agents and epidemiological dynamics that features several of the key distinctions between advanced and developing economies germane to the pandemic. We focus in particular on differences in: age structure, fiscal capacity, healthcare capacity, informality, and the frequency of contacts between individuals at home, work, school and other locations. The model predicts that blanket lockdowns are less effective in developing countries, saving fewer lives per unit of lost GDP. In contrast, age-specific policies are even more effective, since they focus scarce public funds on shielding the smaller population of older individuals. School closures are also more effective at saving lives in developing countries, providing a greater reduction in secondary transmissions between children and older adults at home.

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Section: More Person-to-person Contacts and Intergenerational Cohabitmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Should Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Differ in the Developing World?

Alon¹,

Kim²,

Lagakos³

et al. 2020

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Because literature found that school-age children may transmit the COVID-19 virus more easily than younger children or adults [19][20], the criteria of inclusive sampling for this study were parents of children aged 6 to 16 years old who could read Chinese. The criteria of exclusive sampling were the parents of younger (< 6 y/o) or older (> 16 y/o), or parents unable to read Chinese.…”

Section: Study Population and Participant Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A South Korea's study found that children, younger than 10, transmit COVID-19 to others much less often than adults do; however, children, between 10-19 years old seemed to transmit the virus as well as adults do [19]. This research, conducted during school closure, also found that the highest COVID-19 rate in schoolaged children and the lowest for household contacts of children 0-9 years [19]. In contract, an investigation in Wuhan and Shanghai, China, found that school closures and social distancing signi cantly reduced COVID-19 rates among school-age children [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…WHO has acknowledged that the coronavirus can be spread by tiny particles suspended in the air [16][17]. A South Korea's study found that children, younger than 10, transmit COVID-19 to others much less often than adults do; however, children, between 10-19 years old seemed to transmit the virus as well as adults do [19]. This research, conducted during school closure, also found that the highest COVID-19 rate in schoolaged children and the lowest for household contacts of children 0-9 years [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on above research, personal protective measures, personal hygiene, and appropriate social distance remain the most viable options for prevention among children [6,19,[21][22][23][24][25][26]. In recent months schools around the world have gradually begun to reopen, including in most provinces in China, causing many parents to fear for their children's safety in the midst of a pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploration of Chinese Parental Awareness About COVID-19 Outbreaks

Peng¹,

Meng²,

Li³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Currently children’s COVID-19 case numbers are gradually increased in various countries, and many parents fear for their children’ safety after schools reopen. The aim of this research was to investigate Chinese parents’ awareness of pediatric COVID-19 in relation to protecting their children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Fujian and Jiangsu provinces in China using a web-based research questionnaire to investigate parents with children aged 6 to 16 years old. Results: Research samples included 1222 participants. 99.2% of participants were aware of respiratory transmission of COVID-19, and 75.6% also believed fecal-oral transmission to be possible. Although 98.3% of participants reported knowing how to properly wear and remove masks, most parents were unaware of good handwashing technique and answered incorrectly regarding cough etiquette. Research participants seemed uncertain of children’s symptoms. Awareness scores of participants significantly differed across parental role, educational attainment levels, and social-economic levels (P<0.005), with fathers, the better educated, and those of higher income showing higher levels of awareness. Conclusion: Research results suggest an urgent need for parental education regarding COVID-19 in children, especially regarding handwashing techniques and cough etiquette; educational facilities and outreach to parents and schoolchildren are particularly important.

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COVID-19 and School Closures

Donohue

Miller

2020

JAMA

180

142

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To mitigate the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 , US states enacted a suite of nonpharmaceutical interventions. School closures were among the most consistently applied of these interventions. Over a 10-day period in March, all 50 US states closed kindergarten-grade 12 schools and childcare centers; nearly all colleges and universities followed suit. These closures were unprecedented in scope, affecting 21 million children in childcare, 57 million students in kindergarten-grade 12, and 20 million college and university students.School closures were not limited to the US. By mid-April, 192 countries had closed schools, affecting more than 90% (nearly 1.6 billion) of the world's students. 1 With limited information regarding COVID-19 in children, state and local officials were guided by evidence from other respiratory viruses, such as influenza, in which children have a substantial role in transmission. Although the evidence on effectiveness is mixed, school closures have been promoted as effective mitigation strategies during pandemics. 2,3 Understanding the effect school closures had on COVID-19 outcomes in the spring of 2020 is crucial for informing preparations for the fall.In this issue of JAMA, Auger et al 4 estimate the association of school closures with COVID-19 incidence and mortality. In this complex study, the authors used interrupted time series analyses of data from all 50 states on the timing of school closures (and other nonpharmaceutical interventions), and daily COVID-19 incidence and death counts. The analyses compared the change in outcomes before and after school closure, adjusting for state-level measures of testing capacity, population density, health status, and social vulnerability. To estimate the absolute differences associated with school closure, the authors compared projected incidence and mortality had schools remained open vs the modeled outcomes for school closure.Auger et al 4 found that school closure was associated with a −62% (95% CI, −71% to −49%) relative change in COVID-19 incidence per week, corresponding to an estimated absolute difference of 423.9 (95% CI, 375.0 to 463.7) cases per 100 000. The authors also reported that school closure was associated with a −58% (95% CI, −68% to −46%) relative change in mortality per week, corresponding to an estimated absolute difference in mortality of 12.6 (95% CI, 11.8 to 13.6) deaths per 100 000. Extrapolating these results to the US population, the authors es-

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Contact Tracing during Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, South Korea, 2020

Cited by 478 publications

References 11 publications

How Should Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Differ in the Developing World?

How Should Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Differ in the Developing World?

Exploration of Chinese Parental Awareness About COVID-19 Outbreaks

COVID-19 and School Closures

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