Contactless exploration of graphene properties using millimeter wave response of WGM resonator

Abstract

The response of a sapphire whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator to a single-layer graphene film was studied in the millimeter wave band (frequency of about 40 GHz) at different distances of graphene from the resonator. In the resonator, the HE 141d WGM was excited, in which the longitudinal component of the electric field is predominant. Based on the fitting results of both the response measurement and the numerical simulation of the resonator, the conductivity value was obtained for a known film thickness. The conductivity of our CVD-grown and transferred graphene was found to be (1.02 6 0.06) Â 10 6 S/m. This deviates slightly from the values obtained through our DC conductivity measurements, reflecting the real parameters of the graphene material after transfer from copper to a quartz substrate. A significant difference was demonstrated between the conductivity values obtained by the fitting procedure and those calculated using the perturbation method. In explanation for the discrepancy, we propose a possible inapplicability of the perturbation method for the cases of both the resonator and mode polarization used in this work. The results of this work show that a WGM resonator technique allows contactless exploration of graphene parameters, such as conductivity or sheet resistance, in the millimeter wave band.

Evaluation of transmission characteristics of CVD-grown graphene and effect of tuning electrical properties of graphene up to 50 GHz

“…Furthermore, the skin effect of the conductor is also frequency dependent. The thickness of the skin effect from typical CVD graphene conductivity (1.0 × 10 6 S/m) is 2.3–16 μm 35 from 1 to 50 GHz as calculated using the following equation, which is much thicker than 3L graphene, and the equivalent circuit model was constructed assuming that the frequency dependence of the impedance of the graphene channel in transmission line is negligible 36 . In parallel with R graphene , the parasitic capacitance generation between Au electrodes across graphene channel can also be accounted for, but it was not included in the equivalent circuit model because the electrode thickness (500 nm) is thin and the distance between electrodes across graphene channels (30 μm) in Fig.…”

Evaluation of impedance characteristics of CVD-grown graphene and effect of turning of electrical properties of graphene up to 50 GHz

“…Furthermore, the skin effect of the conductor is also frequency dependent. The thickness of the skin effect from typical CVD graphene conductivity (1.0× 10 6 S/m) is 2.5-16 um 31 from 1 to 50 GHz as calculated using the following equation,…”