Contagious corruption, informal employment, and income: evidence from Brazilian municipalities

Informal employment and corruption: Differences across gender and industry

“…See, for examples, https://www.undp.org/press-releases/undp-join-20th-international-anti-corruption-conference and https://www.state. gov/u-s-statement-high-level-roundtable-on-corruption/.3 For instance,Gillanders and Parviainen (2018) find no statistically significant relationship between the underground economy and corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa.4 See, also,Bologna (2017) who studies related spatial effects, using data on Brazilian municipalities.5 See, also, https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/03_In-depth% 20review%20of%20measuring%20informal%20economy.pdf 6 See, also,Swamy et al (2001),Alatas et al (2009), and more recently,Breen et al (2016) on the relationship between corruption and gender.7 We averaged the data due to the many gaps/omissions found in the informal employment data and to mitigate potential measurement error.8 It is important to note that, in some (mostly developing) nations, record-keeping to distinguish between the formal and informal sectors might be different than other nations.9 As a robustness check, we also consider the influences of additional factors, namely state capacity, economic freedom and the prevalence of internet-see Sections 6.4 and 6.6 for details.10 In general, finding/identifying good instruments is especially challenging…”

“…4 4 See, also, Bologna (2017) who studies related spatial effects, using data on Brazilian municipalities.…”