Container-based sanitation: assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien, Haiti

Tilmans, Sebastien; Russel, Kory C.; Sklar, Rachel; Page, Leah E.; Kramer, Sasha; Davis, Jennifer

doi:10.1177/0956247815572746

Cited by 58 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…The total capital investment from SOIL is about USD 25,000 for a truck, USD 200 per handcart and about USD 150,000 for construction of its treatment facility. According to Tilmans et al (2015), the (initial) costs of SOIL's small-scale service were higher than those of large-scale waterborne sewerage systems, but economies of scale have the potential to reduce container-based sanitation costs over time.…”

Section: Box 10 Clean Teammentioning

confidence: 99%

Business models for fecal sludge management.

Rao¹,

Kvarnström²,

Mario³

et al. 2016

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Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) is a subprogram of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) dedicated to applied research on the safe recovery of water, nutrients and energy from domestic and agroindustrial waste streams. This subprogram aims to create impact through different lines of action research, including (i) developing and testing scalable RRR business models, (ii) assessing and mitigating risks from RRR for public health and the environment, (iii) supporting public and private entities with innovative approaches for the safe reuse of wastewater and organic waste, and (iv) Science with a human face IN PARTNERSHIP WITH: improving rural-urban linkages and resource allocations while minimizing the negative urban footprint on the peri-urban environment. This subprogram works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations University (UNU), and many national and international partners across the globe. The RRR series of documents present summaries and reviews of the subprogram's research and resulting application guidelines, targeting development experts and others in the research for development continuum.

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Section: Box 10 Clean Teammentioning

confidence: 99%

Business models for fecal sludge management.

Rao¹,

Kvarnström²,

Mario³

et al. 2016

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“…We recognize several limitations and assumptions made in the supporting data. Firstly, the small sample sizes precluded statistically relevant analysis and the use of control groups (Tilmans et al, 2016). extrapolating our findings to other cBs systems is hampered by the lack of confidence with which we can be sure these results are representative of this case study let alone other cBs systems.…”

Section: Discussion: Combining Findings Of Environmental Contaminatiomentioning

confidence: 95%

“…given the trends of urbanization, it is increasingly acknowledged that centralized sewered infrastructure, which is highly resource intensive in terms of capital and land, is unlikely to be able to respond to growing sanitation needs, especially in urban Exploring exposure risk and safe management of container-based sanitation systems: a case study from Kenya and peri-urban contexts (WsUP/eY, 2017). A promising response to these issues is container-based sanitation (cBs) systems, which involve the containment of waste in sealable, removable containers and the collection and conveyance of urine and faeces from multiple households to undergo treatment at a waste processing site (Tilmans et al, 2016). importantly, cBs represents an entire value chain for faecal waste management that is independent of sewered infrastructure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring exposure risk and safe management of container-based sanitation systems: a case study from Kenya

et al. 2018

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Little has been studied about the potential risks and hazards arising from the use and operation of container-based sanitation (CBS) systems. Building on existing risk assessment frameworks, this case study aimed to identify exposure risks from faecal pathogens and relevant control measures in a CBS service chain. The case study employed a mixed-methods approach that included environmental sampling, key informant interviews, and direct observation. This inclusion of a behavioural dimension reflects a socio-cultural approach to risk analysis that is less evident in overtly quantitative approaches to risk assessment that are typical of the health risk field. Data from this case study was collected in Naivasha, Kenya in July 2016. The hazard intensity and role of specific transmission routes was validated by environmental sampling, which found a high level of faecal contamination on toilet surfaces and a consequent high risk of hand-to-mouth infection for users and operators. The hazard analysis identified nine critical control points where exposure risks may be either prevented or reduced via the implementation of relevant control measures. We discovered that the production of exposure risks was related to multiple, interrelated causal mechanisms and risk factors, findings we expect will guide approaches to exposure risk management in the future.

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“…This closed-loop approach to sanitation has environmental benefits by preventing fecal pathogens from contaminating both groundwater and surface water. The urine-diverting dry sanitation model does not rely on water or sewage connections, nor does it need a large plot of land for construction, making it an ideal alternative for informal settlements, as previously studied in densely populated settlements in Kenya and Haiti [3,35]. However, some urine-diverting dry toilet designs are not always culturally acceptable, as noted by one school in the PSSD arm that was primarily composed of Muslim students.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Sanitation Delivery Modalities in Urban Informal Settlement Schools: A Randomized Trial in Nairobi, Kenya

Bohnert

Chard

Mwaki³

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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The provision of safely managed sanitation in informal settlements is a challenge, especially in schools that require durable, clean, sex-segregated facilities for a large number of children. In informal settlements in Nairobi, school sanitation facilities demand considerable capital costs, yet are prone to breakage and often unhygienic. The private sector may be able to provide quality facilities and services to schools at lower costs as an alternative to the sanitation that is traditionally provided by the government. We conducted a randomized trial comparing private sector service delivery (PSSD) of urine-diverting dry latrines with routine waste collection and maintenance and government standard delivery (GSD) of cistern-flush toilets or ventilated improved pit latrines. The primary outcomes were facility maintenance, use, exposure to fecal contamination, and cost. Schools were followed for one school year. There were few differences in maintenance and pathogen exposure between PSSD and GSD toilets. Use of the PSSD toilets was 128% higher than GSD toilets, as measured with electronic motion detectors. The initial cost of private sector service delivery was USD 2053 (KES 210,000) per school, which was lower than the average cost of rehabilitating the government standard flush-type toilets (USD 9306 (KES 922,638)) and constructing new facilities (USD 114,889 (KES 1,169,668)). The private sector delivery of dry sanitation provided a feasible alternative to the delivery of sewage sanitation in Nairobi informal settlements and might elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Container-based sanitation: assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien, Haiti

Cited by 58 publications

References 27 publications

Business models for fecal sludge management.

Business models for fecal sludge management.

Exploring exposure risk and safe management of container-based sanitation systems: a case study from Kenya

Comparing Sanitation Delivery Modalities in Urban Informal Settlement Schools: A Randomized Trial in Nairobi, Kenya

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