Contaminant concentrations and toxicity of sea-surface microlayer near Los Angeles, California

Cross, Jeffrey N.; Hardy, John S.; Hose, Jo Ellen; Hershelman, G. Patrick; Antrim, L.D.; Gossett, Richard; Crecelius, E.A.

doi:10.1016/0141-1136(87)90024-9

Cited by 58 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In general, relatively high concentrations of PAHs in the SML have been detected in marine environments, most likely due anthropogenic coastal activities such as shipping harbours. For example the total concentration of PAHs in the SML in the harbour of Los Angeles was up to 55.81 µg l − 1 [41], in Chesapeake Bay [27] up to 6 µg l − 1 and in Leghorn (Italy) up to 170 µg l − 1 [14].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

n-Alkanes, PAHs and surfactants in the sea surface microlayer and sea water samples of the Gerlache Inlet sea (Antarctica)

Stortini

Martellini

Bubba

et al. 2009

Microchemical Journal

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oSea surface microlayer (SML) and sea water samples (SSW) collected in the Gerlache Inlet Sea (Antarctica) were analysed for n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The SML is a potential enrichment site of hydrophobic organic compounds compared to the underlying water column. Total concentration ranges of n-alkanes and PAHs (dissolved and particulate) in subsurface water (− 0.5 m depth) were 272-553 ng l − 1 (mean: 448 ng l − 1 ) and 5.27-9.43 ng l − 1 (mean: 7.06 ng l − 1 ), respectively. In the SML, the concentration ranges of n-alkanes and PAHs were 353-968 ng l − 1 (mean: 611 ng l − 1 ) and 7.32-23.94 ng l − 1 (mean: 13.22 ng l − 1 ), respectively. To evaluate possible PAH contamination sources, specific PAH ratios were calculated. The ratios reflected a predominant petrogenic input. A characterisation of surface active substances was also performed on SML and SSW samples, both by gas bubble extraction, and by dynamic surface tension measurements. Results showed a good correlation between n-alkanes, PAHs and refractory organic matter.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

n-Alkanes, PAHs and surfactants in the sea surface microlayer and sea water samples of the Gerlache Inlet sea (Antarctica)

Stortini

Martellini

Bubba

et al. 2009

Microchemical Journal

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“…The surface microlayer has been described as a potential site of enrichment of organic pollutants, including organochlorines and other pesticides (Booij and VanDrooge 2001;Kucklick and Bidleman 1994). Contaminant concentrations in the surface microlayer also decreased with distance from an industrialized coastline in Los Angeles, California, USA (Cross et al 1987). Such accumulation may be accentuated by water stratification resulting in local thermoclines and haloclines (Gomez-Gutierrez et al 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clustering of sex hormone disruptors in Singapore's marine environment.

Gong

Chin

Lim

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

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Abnormal sexual differentiation and other reproductive abnormalities in marine animals indicate the presence in seawater of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that perturb the function of the sex hormone signaling pathways. However, most studies to date have reported on EDC effects in freshwater and sewage samples, and there is a paucity of bioassay data on the effects of EDCs in marine waters. Our aims in this study were to devise robust methodologies suitable for extracting potential EDCs and to measure their summated effects on activities of androgen receptors (ARs) and estrogen receptors (ER-α and ER-β) in marine samples from Singapore's coastal waters. In this study, we examined the ability of C18, hydrophilic and lipophilic balance, and diol cartridges to extract potential EDCs from seawater samples. Extracts from C18 cartridges exhibited the highest sex hormone bioactivities in reporter gene assays based on a human cell line expressing AR, ER-α, and ER-β. Examination of extracts from 20 coastal locations showed high androgenic and estrogenic agonist activities in confined clusters closest to the main island of Singapore. Sex hormone activity declined rapidly in clusters farther from the main coastline and in more open waters. Unexpectedly, surface and mid-depth samples from the confined high-activity clusters, in the presence of hormone, exhibited AR and ER-α activities that were 200-900% higher than those observed for the cognate hormone alone. This enhanced sex hormone activity suggests that analyses of complex seawater mixtures may uncover unusual bioactivities that may not be obvious by studying individual compounds. Our data present a "snapshot" of the sex hormone disruptor activity in Singapore's marine environment and indicate that C18 extraction for EDCs used in conjunction with reporter gene bioassays represents a robust and sensitive methodology for measuring summated androgenic and estrogenic activities in seawater.

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“…Pollutants (e.g. organochlorines) are often concentrated at fronts (Hardy et al 1985, Brown et al 1991, Tanabe et al 1991, similar to the sea-surface microlayer (Hardy 1982, Hardy et al 1987a, and models that assume simple dilution of pollutants from pointsources are inappropriate (see also Cross et al 1987, Hardy et al 1987b). Entrainment of fish and pollutants in plumes and fronts may create a greater risk to sur-viva1 during early development.…”

Section: Influences Of Surface Sewage Plumes On Distributions Of Younmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrusions of surface sewage plumes into continental shelf waters:interactions with larval and presettlement juvenile fishes

Ca¹

1996

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Primary treated sewage (domestic and industrial) is discharged through several shoreline and deepwater outfalls into the coastal waters off Sydney, southeastern Australia The effluent discharged from the shoreline outfalls formed highly visible surface plumes that intruded up to 5 km seaward and 8 km along the coast from their point of discharge. Each sewage plume was a lens (1 to 5 m deep) of low-salinity turbid water that overlay high-salinity clear shelf water, and distinct frontal regions usually developed between plume and shelf water. Large numbers of young fishes in surface waters were caught in and around the sewage plumes In particular, many fish were concentrated at the fronts (e.g. Carangidae, Engraulididae, Sparidae), which was probably the result of advection at fronts as well a s behavioural responses of fish. Surface sewage plumes therefore affected small-scale ( < l km) patterns of distribution and density of young fishes. The oceanography of sewage plumes may increase and prolong exposure of fishes to pollutants during early development. Sewage plumes could affect young fishes spawned near to and at great distances from outfalls because of alongshore currents, and effects on f~s h populations could be manifest over large spatial scales. The influences of sewage plumes on larger-scale patterns of distribution, transport and survival of young fishes are discussed.

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Contaminant concentrations and toxicity of sea-surface microlayer near Los Angeles, California

Cited by 58 publications

References 23 publications

n-Alkanes, PAHs and surfactants in the sea surface microlayer and sea water samples of the Gerlache Inlet sea (Antarctica)

n-Alkanes, PAHs and surfactants in the sea surface microlayer and sea water samples of the Gerlache Inlet sea (Antarctica)

Clustering of sex hormone disruptors in Singapore's marine environment.

Intrusions of surface sewage plumes into continental shelf waters:interactions with larval and presettlement juvenile fishes

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