Contaminant Losses in Overland Flow from Cattle, Deer and Sheep Dung

McDowell, R. W.

doi:10.1007/s11270-006-9098-x

Cited by 35 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The risk of loss of dung-P depends on stock type (usually cattle>deer>sheep) and stocking rate (i.e., number of dung deposits) and decreases with time since deposition due to the gradual formation of a crust that prevents the interaction of runoff with the bulk of the dung beneath (McDowell 2006). A similar decrease with time occurs for mineral fertilizers (Austin et al 1996;Nash et al 2000), depending on solubility (as discussed above).…”

Section: Control a Diversity Of Sources Of P In Pasture-based Systemsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality protection: principles for progress

et al. 2011

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Background The eutrophication of aquatic systems due to diffuse pollution of agricultural phosphorus (P) is a local, even regional, water quality problem that can be found world-wide. Scope Sustainable management of P requires prudent tempering of agronomic practices, recognizing that additional steps are often required to reduce the downstream impacts of most production systems. Conclusions Strategies to mitigate diffuse losses of P must consider chronic (edaphic) and acute, temporary (fertilizer, manure, vegetation) sources. Even then, hydrology can readily convert modest sources into significant loads, including via subsurface pathways.Systemic drivers, particularly P surpluses that result in long-term over-application of P to soils, are the most recalcitrant causes of diffuse P loss. Even in systems where P application is in balance with withdrawal, diffuse pollution can be exacerbated by management systems that promote accumulation of P within the effective layer of effective interaction between soils and runoff water. Indeed, conventional conservation practices aimed at controlling soil erosion must be evaluated in light of their ability to exacerbate dissolved P pollution. Understanding the opportunities and limitations of P management strategies is essential to ensure that water quality expectations are realistic and that our beneficial management practices are both efficient and effective.

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Section: Control a Diversity Of Sources Of P In Pasture-based Systemsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality protection: principles for progress

et al. 2011

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“…There was excellent agreement for all the predictions except for P in surface runoff at Hf (Table 10). This large concentration of P during surface runoff probably arose from the large amount of freshly deposited dung present and plant leakage as a result of grazing intensity (McDowell 2006), and equations were not developed or validated for runoff.…”

Section: Leaching Losses For the Paddocks Measured In Seepage Zonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of soil fertility on leaching losses of N, P and C in hill country

Parfitt¹,

Mackay

Ross

et al. 2009

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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The OVERSEER® nutrient budgets model is increasingly being used by farmers and regional councils to assess N and P inputs and outputs from farms. There are, however, few data for low fertility and high fertility soils in hill country grazed by sheep. Two farmlets at AgResearch Ballantrae, near Woodville, with no-fertiliser (NF) and 375 kg ha -1 year -1 superphosphate high fertiliser (HF) added since 1980, were used to quantitatively estimate N and P cycles under sheep-grazed pastures at two stages of N saturation. We present data on soils, N and P leaching, and uptake for a trial in which treatments to both farmlets were (a) control, (b) herbicide applied (for broadleaves), and (c) 300 kg N ha -1 added annually. Trial plots were located on 3-9° slopes in each farmlet. In winter, seepage zones in mini-catchments in each farmlet generated waters that allowed us to follow nutrient movement from soils to waters. Winter 2006 had above average rainfall, with one intense storm where surface runoff was observed. During other storms, water perched at about 300 mm depth in the subsoil, and moved to seeps solely by subsurface runoff. . This suggests soils on these slopes in the HF farmlet can become saturated with N and no longer retain N; soils in the NF farmlet appeared to retain N fertiliser initially, but by years 2 and 3 they appeared to become saturated with N. Gaseous emissions of ammonia, NO x and N 2 would also increase as pastures and soils become enriched with N. The OVERSEER® nutrient budgets model gave good predictions of N in waters but underestimated P losses. The pathways of both gaseous losses and immobilisation of N in soils require further study to better quantify the N cycles.

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“…While there is significant evidence of the direct impact of cattle on rural waterways (6,9,11,31), sheep have nevertheless been implicated as contributors to bacterial indicator and pathogen loadings in rivers and streams (8,10,18,20). It has been suggested that the total number of Escherichia coli per hectare of pasture are higher for sheep than for cattle (30).…”

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confidence: 99%

Survival of Escherichia coli , Enterococci, and Campylobacter spp. in Sheep Feces on Pastures

Moriarty

Mackenzie

Karki

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The survival of enteric bacteria in 10 freshly collected sheep fecal samples on pastures was measured in each of four seasons. Ten freshly collected feces were placed on pasture, and concentrations of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Campylobacter spp. were monitored until exhaustion of the fecal samples. In all four seasons, there was an increase in enterococcal concentrations by up to 3 orders of magnitude, with peak concentrations recorded between 11 and 28 days after deposition. E. coli concentrations increased in three out of four seasons by up to 1.5 orders of magnitude, with peak concentrations recorded between 8 and 14 days after deposition. The apparent growth of E. coli and enterococci was strongly influenced by the initial water content of the feces and the moisture gained during periods of rehydration following rainfalls. Conversely, the results suggested that dehydration promoted inactivation. Campylobacter spp. did not grow and were rapidly inactivated at a rate that tended to be faster at higher temperatures. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of a selection of Campylobacter spp. suggested that these survival data are applicable to a range of Campylobacter spp., including the most frequently isolated PFGE genotype from sheep in New Zealand, and to genotypes previously observed to cause disease in humans. The results of this study are currently being incorporated into a fecal microbe reservoir model that is designed to assist water managers' abilities to estimate microbial loads on pastures grazed by sheep, including the influence of factors such as rainfall and temperature.

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Contaminant Losses in Overland Flow from Cattle, Deer and Sheep Dung

Cited by 35 publications

References 25 publications

Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality protection: principles for progress

Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality protection: principles for progress

Effects of soil fertility on leaching losses of N, P and C in hill country

Survival of Escherichia coli , Enterococci, and Campylobacter spp. in Sheep Feces on Pastures

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