Contaminant migration from food packaging laminates used for heat and eat meals

Lawson, Graham; Barkby, Campbell Tyrone; Lawson, Carolyn

doi:10.1007/s0021663540483

Cited by 31 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…from flexible plastic films into food simulants (Lawson et al 1996(Lawson et al , 1999Brede et al 2003). Azo-colours can be used in printing inks for plastic, paper and board (Brede and Skjevrak 2004;Skjevrak et al 2005), and are also used as food additives, where both free and bound forms of PAAs have been characterized (Voyksner et al 1993;Lancaster and Lawrence 1999).…”

Section: Please Scroll Down For Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in black nylon and other food-contact materials, 2004–2009

Trier

Okholm

Foverskov

et al. 2010

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in migrates from 234 samples of food-contact materials, including black nylon (polyamide) kitchen utensils (n = 136), coloured plastics (28), and clear/printed multilayer film/laminates (41), from retailers, importers, and food producers. A further 29 utensils in use were obtained from colleagues. Very high PAA migration was found from black nylon kitchen utensils to the food simulant 3% acetic acid: the 'non-detectable' limit (20 microg aniline equivalents kg(-1) food) was exceeded by up to 2100 times. All the other materials were compliant. The majority of the non-compliant utensils came from China. The predominant PAAs were aniline and 4,4'-methylenedianiline (4,4'-MDA). The frequency of violations decreased from the year 2004 (55%) to the autumn of 2005 (13%), possibly due to increased demands for in-house documentation, but they remained almost constant from 2005 to 2009. The validity of the results was shown by recovery studies, participation in proficiency testing, and comparative testing of utensils by two laboratories. Migration modelling was used to compare how various compliance migration test conditions influenced the final test results. Long-term release of PAAs was fitted by diffusion modelling experiments and long-term release was also seen as expected from used utensils. Toxicologists consider these migration levels of the suspected carcinogenic PAAs as a problem of major concern.

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Section: Please Scroll Down For Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in black nylon and other food-contact materials, 2004–2009

Trier

Okholm

Foverskov

et al. 2010

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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“…Nevertheless, chemical substances can migrate from these articles to the food, and thereby contribute to food contamination. Another example of PAAs occurrence in food packaging and their migration from polyamide utensils into foodstuffs [3,4,5] may be due to remaining residues present from the colouring process (using azo-dyes) and co-monomer addition [6,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of a headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry procedure for the determination of aromatic amines in water and in polyamide spoons

Rubio

Sanllorente

Sarabia

et al. 2014

Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems

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Please cite this article as: L. Rubio, S. Sanllorente, L.A. Sarabia, M.C. Ortiz, Optimization of a headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry procedure for the determination of aromatic amines in water and in polyamide spoons, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems (2014), doi: 10.1016/j.chemolab.2014 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT OPTIMIZATION OF A HEADSPACE SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AROMATIC AMINES IN WATER AND IN POLYAMIDE SPOONS AbstractIn this work, a headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) method for trace determination of primary aromatic amines was developed. The following analytes were investigated: aniline (A), 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (4,4'-MDA) and 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-TDA) using 3-chloro-4-fluoroaniline (3C4FA) and 2-aminobiphenyl (2ABP) as internal standards. Prior to extraction the analytes were derivatized in the aqueous solution by diazotation and subsequent iodination. The derivatives were extracted by HS-SPME using a PDMS/DVB fiber and analyzed by CG/MS. A D-optimal design was used to study the parameters affecting the HS-SPME procedure and the derivatization step. Two experimental factors at two levels and one factor at three levels were considered: (i) reaction time, (ii) extraction temperature, and (iii) extraction time in the headspace. The interaction between the extraction temperature and extraction time was considered in the proposed model. The loadings in the sample mode estimated by a PARAFAC (parallel factor analysis) decomposition for each analyte were the response used in the design because they are proportional to the amount of analyte extracted. The optimum conditions for the best extraction of the analytes were achieved when the reaction time was 20 min, the extraction temperature was 50ºC and the extraction time was 25 min. The interaction was significant.

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“…All have identified ε-caprolactam as a principal migrant when Nylon 6 plastic materials have been used to seal, store or cook commodities (Bradley et al, 2004). Due to high cooking temperatures, monomers of Nylon and other constituents of the plastic packaging have been found to migrate to water or the packaged food, and the duration of heating has been positively correlated with ε-caprolactam migration (Gramshaw et al, 1998;Lawson et al, 1996;Sarbach et al, 1996). Results also indicate that solvent type and heating method can affect ε-caprolactam migration.…”

Section: Studies/researchmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It has been common to test bags or pouches for plastics migration directly into foodstuffs or the aqueous solutions surrounding the foods. It was found that heat caused the migration of plastic components into both the food and surrounding solution (Gramshaw et al, 1998;Lawson et al, 1996;Sarbach et al, 1996).…”

Section: Studies/researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most commercially-produced products have some type of polyolefin and adhesive barrier next to the food, and ε-caprolactam is very water-soluble and therefore prone to migrate into water rather than oil or fatty foods. Lawson et al (1996) tested plastic laminates, including polyolefins (LLDPE), polyamides (Nylon-6) and polyurethane adhesives for their potential to contaminate "heat and eat meals" and "boil in bag" foods ( Fig. 4).…”

Section: Studies/researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential Migration of ε-Caprolactam to Water and Wine as Affected by Transportation and Storage

Ianneo¹

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Under normal sealing and storage conditions, Nylon-6, poly-caprolactam-based plastic laminates may release impurities to packaged foods and liquids and the application of heat for cooking often increases the rate of migration. Epsiloncaprolactam is one of the main contaminates found to migrate from a Nylon-6 polycaprolactam plastic film. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of solvent, transportation and storage time on the migration of ε-caprolactam from a Nylon-6-based lidding material into water or a white wine substitute (12% ethanol).Polypropylene plastic cups were filled, sealed, packaged, stacked and exposed to a simulated 3-day cross-country shipment. Cups were sampled with or without simulated shipment after 0, 7, 14 and 28 days at 20.6°C. Epsilon-caprolactam was determined using a GC equipped with FID and a Restek Rtx 1301 megabore column. Results of the study indicated migration of ε-caprolactam into containers at the time of sealing with significantly higher levels (4.42 ppm average) occurring in cups containing 12% ethanol vs. water (0.01 ppm average). After the cups were sealed, neither simulated crosscountry shipment nor storage increased levels of ε-caprolactam in either solvent. The results indicate that wine sealed in packages lined with Nylon-6-based plastic could contain significant amounts of ε-caprolactam. However, it is not understood how the alcohol, whether as liquid or vapor, interacted with the lidding material to increase migration at the time of sealing. No delamination of the polypropylene layer in the lidding material was observed after sealing. Future research needs to be conducted to study the effects of alcohol, alcohol vapor, sealing time and temperature on ε-caprolactam migration.

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Contaminant migration from food packaging laminates used for heat and eat meals

Cited by 31 publications

References 8 publications

Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in black nylon and other food-contact materials, 2004–2009

Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in black nylon and other food-contact materials, 2004–2009

Optimization of a headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry procedure for the determination of aromatic amines in water and in polyamide spoons

Potential Migration of ε-Caprolactam to Water and Wine as Affected by Transportation and Storage

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