“…Groundwater is stored in aquifer and aquitard systems distributed over large areas, covering entire alluvial plains or sedimentary basins, such as the Dakota aquifer system in the United States and the Yangtze Delta in China (Dou et al, 2018;Konikow & Neuzil, 2007;Li et al, 2018;Zhou, Guo, & Dou, 2013). Abundant groundwater that is stored in aquitards, which recharges adjacent exploited aquifers (Li et al, 2016), is often neglected in the evaluation of groundwater resources (Konikow & Neuzil, 2007;Li et al, 2017;Zhou, Guo, & Dou, 2013). An accurate groundwater resource assessment is essential in effective management and sustainability of groundwater resources (Alley & Leake, 2004;Gleeson et al, 2010Gleeson et al, , 2012.…”