Contamination, Fate and Management of Metals in Shooting Range Soils—a Review

Sanderson, Peter; Qi, Fang; Seshadri, Balaji; Wijayawardena, Ayanka; Naidu, Ravi

doi:10.1007/s40726-018-0089-5

Cited by 46 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…A wide range of technologies and methods have been suggested by numerous researchers for the remediation of Pb contamination of shooting range soils [75,76]. An extensive investigation of these methods and procedures has revealed that their effectiveness and efficiency depend to a large extent on the physical and chemical characteristics of the shooting range soil, cost, length of time allowed for remediation, land availability, future land use and many other factors [76,77]. As a result, it is important to investigate the effectiveness and efficacy of the remedial alternative in order to assess: (i) its financial implications and viability in field scale implementations; (ii) the risk to the environment and biota [78].…”

Section: Remediation Techniques Applied To Polluted Shooting Range Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical assessment of mechanistic pathways for chemical remediation techniques applied to Pb impacted soils at shooting ranges – A review

Dinake

Kelebemang

2019

Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability

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Shooting ranges continue to pose environmental and human health risk due to the accumulation of toxic Pb emanating from munitions. Remediation of Pb pollution at shooting ranges has been carried out through application of various techniques of which chemical stabilization is the most common. In some instances, field chemical stabilization has achieved Pb decontamination of the soils to concentrations below the maximum contaminant limits as set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO). However, the effectiveness of chemical additives to Pb stabilization depends to a great extent on the physicochemical properties of the soils. This review aims to: (i) discuss the effectiveness of chemical stabilization towards Pb remediation of polluted shooting range soils, (ii) establish the chemical reactions that take place between Pb and the chemical amendment and (iii) understand the influence of the soil physicochemical properties on the effectiveness of the chemical amendment.

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Section: Remediation Techniques Applied To Polluted Shooting Range Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical assessment of mechanistic pathways for chemical remediation techniques applied to Pb impacted soils at shooting ranges – A review

Dinake

Kelebemang

2019

Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability

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“…Due to the composition of metals in bullets and shells, shooting activity has been recognized as an important soil pollution source of heavy metals, such as Pb [ 3 , 4 ]. It is estimated that 10 to 60,000 tons of Pb is released annually in shooting ranges in different countries, ranked as the second largest source of Pb contamination after battery industry [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At another shooting range in the US, Pb concentrations varied ranging from 27,000 to 233,142 mg/kg [ 8 ]. Furthermore, due to the complex components of bullets/shots used in shooting, contaminants such as Cu, Sb, Zn and Ni were also reported in shooting range soils [ 3 ]. A case study from small arms shooting ranges showed that the concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn and Sb reached 13, 5.2, 1.1, and 0.83 g/kg, respectively [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As summarized in two reviews [ 3 , 4 ], previous studies were focused mainly on the contamination status, environmental fate and management of Pb and other co-contaminants in shooting range soils. Particularly, Pb in shooting range soils can be highly bioavailable, indicating a potential toxicity and environmental risk [ 3 ]. However, only few studies assessed their environmental and health risks [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecological and Human Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Shooting Range Soils: A Meta Assessment from China

Bai

Xing

2020

Toxics

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Contamination of shooting ranges by heavy metals in particular Pb represents a widespread environmental issue attracting concern worldwide. Contaminant accumulation in shooting range soils can pose potential ecological risks and health risks for shooters and workers. Based on the published data on metal contamination at five shooting ranges in China, potential ecological and human health risks of several metals, and in particular, Pb were assessed for the five surveyed shooting ranges. Data show the mean concentrations of Pb, Cu, Hg, Sb, Ni and Cr in various ranges were all higher than the local soil background values, implying their accumulation was induced by shooting activities. The degree of contamination varied with sites and metals, very high Pb contamination at Range 1, Range 2 and Range 5-1, while moderate Pb contamination at Range 3 and Range 5-2. Comparatively, As, Zn and Co showed no contamination. Among the surveyed metals, Pb, Cu, Hg and Sb in shooting range soils displayed relatively high potential ecological risks. The overall degree of potential ecological risk was very high at Range 1 and Range 2, considerable at Range 4 and Range 5-1, and low at Range 3 and Range 5-2. The mean HI (hazard index) of Pb at Range 2 and the maximum HI values at Range 1 and Range 4 were higher than 1, suggesting a possibility of non-carcinogenic risks of Pb contamination at these sites. However, Pb in other range soils and other metals, across the five ranges, all exhibited no non-carcinogenic risks. The cancer risks of the four carcinogenic contaminants (As, Co, Cr, and Ni) were acceptable or negligible at all ranges. In conclusion, contamination of Pb and other metals such as Cu, Hg and Sb can cause various potential ecological risks at all the surveyed ranges, but only Pb at three ranges shows possible health risks. Contamination of Pb in the surveyed shooting ranges should be managed to reduce its possible environmental and health risks.

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“…While our approach can be applied to other metalpolluted soils, Pb in firing range soils are of particular international concern because it is an important cause of contaminated sites worldwide (ITRC 2005;Sanderson et al 2011;Sorvari et al 2006). Also, potential impacts of Pb from shooting ranges on the environment and human health can be high (Fayiga and Saha 2016;Sanderson et al 2011;Sanderson et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon and nitrogen cycling in a lead polluted grassland evaluated using stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and microbial, plant and soil parameters

Rijk

Ekblad

2020

Plant Soil

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Aims Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling are key ecosystem functions potentially altered by heavy metal pollution. We used an ecosystem approach to study the long-term effect of lead (Pb) on C and N cycles in a natural grassland in a former shooting range. Methods Microbial activity was evaluated by substrateinduced respiration (SIR) in situ, adding isotopically labelled C 4-sugar to the soil. C and N contents and natural abundance of isotopes were measured in grass leaves, soil and microbial biomass together with root biomass. Results A reduced microbial activity and microbial biomass per area, together with a higher soil C stock and C:N ratio suggested a lower microbial decomposition in high Pb compared to low Pb areas. A more closed N cycle in the high Pb area was indicated by 2-3‰ lower δ 15 N in leaves and soil compared to low Pb areas. Higher δ 13 C in leaves and higher root biomass but similar leaf nutrient contents indicated plant responses and adaptions to the high Pb. Conclusions The applied ecosystem approach revealed that Pb slowed down the C and N cycles, possibly by indirect effects rather than by direct toxicity. The ecosystem seems to have adapted to altered conditions.

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Contamination, Fate and Management of Metals in Shooting Range Soils—a Review

Cited by 46 publications

References 92 publications

Critical assessment of mechanistic pathways for chemical remediation techniques applied to Pb impacted soils at shooting ranges – A review

Critical assessment of mechanistic pathways for chemical remediation techniques applied to Pb impacted soils at shooting ranges – A review

Ecological and Human Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Shooting Range Soils: A Meta Assessment from China

Carbon and nitrogen cycling in a lead polluted grassland evaluated using stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and microbial, plant and soil parameters

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