Contamination level and exposure assessment to Aflatoxin M1 in Jordanian infant milk formulas

Abstract

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a principal hydroxylated-aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) metabolite, and has been classified as possible human carcinogen (group 2B). The aim of this study was to survey the contamination level, estimated daily intake (EDI) and tolerable daily intake % (TDI%) of AFM1 in Jordanian infant milk formulas. A total of 120 samples, 48 starter and 72 follow-on formula samples were collected and analyzed using ELISA technique. Of the 120 surveyed samples, 58 (48.33%) were AFM1-positive and exceeded the EU maximum limit for AFM1 in IMF (25 ng/kg). The average AFM1 concentration was 69.93 and 84.78 ng AFM1/kg, with range of <5 − 89.25 and <5 – 213.84 ng AFM1/kg in starter and follow-on formula, respectively. It is also noteworthy the high EDI of AFM1 by infants (1.557 and 1.551 ng AFM1/kg b.w./day), and the high TDI% values (786.9 and 775.9%). In addition, current study indicated high-extrapolated AFB1 content in the feed; accordingly, raised the need to implement good agricultural and hygienic practices as preventive and controlling measures to decrease AFM1 in milk and IMF through controlling AFB1 in feed at the farm level. Finally, it is obvious that the contamination of IMF by AFM1 is an international problem, and the protection of infants and young children against AFM1 in Jordan requires a fundamental setup of clear legal limits of AFM1 in Jordanian standards and strict monitoring and continual analysis of IMF traded and consumed in Jordan.

Aflatoxin M1 Determination in Infant Formulae Distributed in Monterrey, Mexico

“…In this sense, Li et al [14] detected the presence of AFM 1 in powder base for infant formulae in China, evaluating a total of 1207 samples, with 56 samples being positive for the toxin without passing the Chinese limit (62.5 ng/kg). Awaisheh et al [23] determined the AFM 1 content in infant formulae (120 samples; 48 starter and 72 follow-on formulae) distributed in Jordan, with 58 positive samples for the toxin presence, with a media of 69 and 84 ng/kg for the starter and follow-on formulae, respectively.…”

“…However, when major lactating groups gain weight and reduce the follow-on formula intake (i.e., two years old), the EDI is reduced up to 4.28 ng/kg bw/day. Awaisheh et al [23] have evaluated the infant formulae consumed in Jordan, presenting an EDI of 1.57 and 1.55 ng/kg bw/day for infants aged six and 12 months, respectively. On the other hand, Ismail et al [25] reported an EDI value of 4.1 ng/kg bw/day for children aged one to three years in Pakistan.…”

Gallic acid enhances reproductive function by modulating oxido-inflammatory and apoptosis mediators in rats exposed to aflatoxin-B1

“…8,9 Indeed, AFB1 metabolite known as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is frequently found in milk, samples of cord blood, and colostrum in pregnant women, which signify the possibility of prenatal contact to AFB1 in humans. 10–12 Aflatoxins were reportedly detected in semen samples (40%) obtained from infertility clinics amid a higher chance of sperm anomaly compared with fecund men living within a locality in Nigeria. 13 Moreover, data from experimental animals have demonstrated that AFB1 may be an essential risk factor for male infertility.…”

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador

“…AFM1 is found worldwide; however, its levels vary considerably in different regions, depending on the milk production system, climate, and the dairy species [ 12 ]. These problems are much more serious in low-income countries, where their presence can be common and even extreme [ 13 ], including contamination of breast milk [ 14 ] and infant formulas [ 15 ]. For this reason, the permanent study of AFM1 [ 16 ] is necessary to protect human health and trade [ 17 ].…”