Contamination level, distribution and health risk assessment of heavy and toxic metallic and metalloid elements in a cultivated mushroom Pleurotus florida (Mont.) singer

Abstract

There are great concentrations of toxic metallic and metalloid elements such as lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium or silver in many species of mushrooms comparative to other fruits and vegetables. In this study, contamination with heavy and toxic metallic and metalloid elements in the cultivated mushroom of (Pleurotus florida (Mont.) Singer) is investigated. P. florida was cultivated on different substrates; wheat straw (as blank), wheat straw + pine cone, wheat straw + soybean straw and wheat straw + urea and the effects of these substrates on contamination levels of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of essential elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) in the target mushroom are at the typical levels. The estimated daily intakes of studied metallic and metalloid elements were below their oral reference dosage mentioned by the international regulatory bodies. Health risk index (HRI) was calculated to evaluate the consumer's health risk assessment from the metal intake that contaminated in the cultivated mushroom of P. florida on the different nutrient sources. In this study, the individual HRIs were less than 1, which indicates insignificant potential health risk associated with the consumption of target mushroom from the studied substrates. Based on the HRIs values among the toxic metallic and metalloid elements, As in the target mushroom in the substrate of the wheat straw + pine cone is the main sources of risk, and it may cause severe health problems. Thus, this study suggests that the concentrations of heavy and toxic elements should be periodically monitored in cultivated mushrooms.

Nano urea effects on Pleurotus ostreatus nutritional value depending on the dose and timing of application

“…The mineral level of mushrooms is affected by the substrate 85 . Heavy metals bioaccumulation depends on metal concentration in the initial substrate, subtrate pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and organic matter content 86 , 87 . Therefore, different factors may have caused higher accumulation of heavy metals, like Ni, Pb (in all cases), Zn and Fe (in some cases), and lower accumulation of almost all others tested minerals.…”

Mushroom Quality Related with Various Substrates’ Bioaccumulation and Translocation of Heavy Metals

“…Nevertheless, Demkova et al [11] reported that mushrooms have the ability to accumulate heavy metals in a large concentration, such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) [12,13], arsenic (As) [14,15], cadmium (Cd) [13][14][15], manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Although some of the heavy metals such as Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu are essential metals in mushroom fruit bodies, others, such as Hg, Pb, As and Cd elements, are health hazards [16]. Furthermore, most of the elements can be bio-accumulated by the mushrooms, especially from the soil and substrates [17].…”

Physical quality, amino acid contents, and health risk assessment of straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) at different maturity stages

“…They are physiologically able to absorb nutrients from surrounding, including organic matters, which might expose them to heavy metal accumulation (Sithole et al, 2017;Sun et al, 2017). As they grow, they accumulate different amounts of heavy metals at different maturity stages, and should be monitored periodically (Khani et al, 2017). Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the quality and safety intake limit through health risk assessment of V. volvacea at button and veil opening stages.…”