Contamination of Heavy Metals (Lead, Zinc, Magnesium and Manganese) Concentrations in Human Eyes

Haddad, Nazar S.; Al-Asadi, Salah Zuhair; Haddad, Hanaa H

doi:10.4236/ajac.2012.37065

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…As shown in Table 1 , none of the other studies analysed samples from the UK population. Environmental differences in Cd, Cr, Fe, Mg (that we did not analyse), Mn, Pb and Zn have previously been observed between individuals living in rural and urban environments within the same country [ 33 , 34 ], however we did not have access to this donor information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age and Smoking Related Changes in Metal Ion Levels in Human Lens: Implications for Cataract Formation

et al. 2016

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Age-related cataract formation is the primary cause of blindness worldwide and although treatable by surgical removal of the lens the majority of sufferers have neither the finances nor access to the medical facilities required. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathogenesis of cataract may identify new therapeutic targets to prevent or slow its progression. Cataract incidence is strongly correlated with age and cigarette smoking, factors that are often associated with accumulation of metal ions in other tissues. Therefore this study evaluated the age-related changes in 14 metal ions in 32 post mortem human lenses without known cataract from donors of 11 to 82 years of age by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; smoking-related changes in 10 smokers verses 14 non-smokers were also analysed. A significant age-related increase in selenium and decrease in copper ions was observed for the first time in the lens tissue, where cadmium ion levels were also increased as has been seen previously. Aluminium and vanadium ions were found to be increased in smokers compared to non-smokers (an analysis that has only been carried out before in lenses with cataract). These changes in metal ions, i.e. that occur as a consequence of normal ageing and of smoking, could contribute to cataract formation via induction of oxidative stress pathways, modulation of extracellular matrix structure/function and cellular toxicity. Thus, this study has identified novel changes in metal ions in human lens that could potentially drive the pathology of cataract formation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The levels of metal ions in human lenses with cataract (i.e. removed during cataract surgery) has been more extensively investigated [ 18 , 21 – 34 ] (see Table 1 ), but these have not distinguished between disease-related and age-related changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and Smoking Related Changes in Metal Ion Levels in Human Lens: Implications for Cataract Formation

et al. 2016

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“…Smokers had a mean age of cataract less than the non-smokers. Nazar S. Haddad et al [99], also found 50% higher level of lead in smoker's lens (1.5 µg/g of lens) as compared to non-smokers (1µg/g of lens). I found much higher level of lead (2.74 µg/g) in smokers than non-smokers (0.65 µg/g).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

On-Set of Cataract and Accumulation of Copper, Lead and Cadmium in Smokers of Karachi, Pakistan

Ahmad¹

2014

J Environ Anal Toxicol

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“…Exposure to Cu due to the daily instillation of eye drops, whose values ranged from 0.001 µg/day (eye drops 11 and 14 with preservatives, and 16 and 19 without preservatives) to 0.007 µg/day (eye drops 1, 8 and 9 with preservatives), were below the PDE for elemental impurities defined by the ICH Q3D guideline (R2) in the parenteral route (300 µg/day) ( Table 3 ). Cu plays a key role in the biochemistry of the human nervous system [ 67 ], being important for healing and slowing cataract growth [ 68 ]. On the other hand, intraocular foreign bodies containing Cu can cause inflammation, damage to the cell membranes and mitochondria in the retina [ 14 ], aseptic abscesses, cataracts, vitreous liquefaction and retraction, retinal damage and detachment, ocular hypotension [ 69 ], and corneal opacities [ 70 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Metal(loid)s in Lubricating Eye Drops Used in the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease

Oliveira,

Melo,

Silva

et al. 2023

Molecules

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of metal(loid)s in lubricating eye drops used in the treatment of dry eye disease. The concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, V, and Zn were determined in 19 eye drop samples using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for the quantified elements ranged from 0.0002–0.0363 (mg/L) and 0.0007–0.1211 (mg/L), respectively. High values of concentrations of Al (2.382 µg/g), As (0.204 µg/g), Ba (0.056 µg/g), Cd (0.051 µg/g), Co (1.085 µg/g), Cr (0.020 µg/g), Cu (0.023 µg/g), Fe (0.453 µg/g), Mg (24.284 µg/g), Mn (0.014 µg/g), Mo (0.046 µg/g), Ni (0.071 µg/g), Pb (0.049 µg/g), Se (0.365 µg/g), V (0.083 µg/g), and Zn (0.552 µg/g) were quantified in samples of eye drops with and without preservatives. The concentrations of As (5 samples) and Cd (3 samples) were higher than those allowed by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia for impurities (parenteral use). The value of Co content (µg/g) in a sample was higher than the value established by the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH Q3D (R2)) in the parenteral route. The daily eye drop instillation exposure (µg/day) was below the values from the parenteral-permitted daily exposure (PDE) set by the ICH Q3D guideline (R2). The presence of heavy metals in eye drops is an alert to regulatory agencies in several countries so that control and inspections can be carried out.

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Contamination of Heavy Metals (Lead, Zinc, Magnesium and Manganese) Concentrations in Human Eyes

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Age and Smoking Related Changes in Metal Ion Levels in Human Lens: Implications for Cataract Formation

Age and Smoking Related Changes in Metal Ion Levels in Human Lens: Implications for Cataract Formation

On-Set of Cataract and Accumulation of Copper, Lead and Cadmium in Smokers of Karachi, Pakistan

Quantification of Metal(loid)s in Lubricating Eye Drops Used in the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease

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