Contamination of Local Laying Hen’s Egg Shell with Salmonella Serotypes

Jaffer, M.R.; Nazal, Khulood K.

doi:10.30539/iraqijvm.v37i1.318

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Additionally, this study with agreement of ( Harb et al , 2019 ) who reported that 26% of fresh retail chicken meat samples and 39% of raw chicken carcasses were contaminated with Salmonella spp . In Iraq, the results of this study were lower than the results of ( Jaffer, 2013 ) who isolated S. enterica in Iraq from chicken eggs and recorded 30%. Also were lower than the results of ( Siddique et al , 2021 ) who isolated S. enterica from poultry and its associated food products in Pakistan, that recorded 25.67%.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 92%

Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica from chicken products and human in Wasit Governorate of Iraq

Shafee,

Abdulwahid

2024

Open Vet J

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Background: Salmonella infections are considered the most common foodborne pathogens responsible for zoonotic infections and food poisoning in humans and animal species such as birds. Antimicrobial resistance is considered a global anxiety, because it cause human public health repercussions, as well as lead to increase in animal morbidity and death. Aim: The aims of this study are the isolation and identification of Salmonella enterica, as well as to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility test and the molecular characteristics using PCR and sequences for isolates from chicken products (eggs, livers and minced meat) and human in the Wasit Governorate of Iraq. Methods: A total of 300 samples (150 chicken product samples including eggs, livers, and minced meat, and 150 human fecal samples) were collected from the Wasit governorate of Iraq from January to December 2022. The bacterial isolation was done according to recommendations of ISO 6579 standard and the Global Foodborne Infections Network laboratory protocol WHO 2010. Serotyping test and Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) were done by using 19 antibiotic agents according to the recommendations of CLSI, 2022 by using disc diffusion susceptibility test and Vitik 2 test. Finally, the suspected isolates were confirmed using the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and sequencing for a unique rRNA gene. Results: The results showed that the isolation percentage of S. enterica in chicken products was 8.66% (12% eggs, 6% livers and 8% minced meat), while in humans it was 4.6%. Also, showed 100% of S. Typhi in human. While, in chicken eggs S. Typhi, S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were 50%, 33.33% and 16.66%, respectively. Also, showed 100% of S. Typhimurium in both livers and minced meat. The AST in human isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, and Ceftriaxone, while no resistance to Amoxicillin, Pipracillin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim, Azithromycin, and Tetracycline. In chicken products isolates were resistance with different percentages to Amikacin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Nitrofurantoin, Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, and Trimethoprim; while no resistance to Amoxicillin, Pipracillin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Fosfomycin, Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone. Sequencing by using rRNA gene was done for four PCR products. Conclusion: This study showed the presence of genetic mutations for S. enterica which led to variations in the molecular characteristics, and antimicrobial drug resistance of S. enterica isolated from chicken products and human.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 92%

Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica from chicken products and human in Wasit Governorate of Iraq

Shafee,

Abdulwahid

2024

Open Vet J

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“…All fecal samples were counted for Salmonella using the previously reported threetube most probable number (MPN) technique according to (11). Salmonella suspected samples were streaked over xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) and Salmonella Brilliance agar plates (Oxoid, Australia) to determine whether they contained Salmonella spp (12).…”

Section: Counting the Number Of Salmonella In Fecal Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Wizard genomic DNA purification kit (Promega, Australia), was used to extract the DNA from all the tissue samples in accordance manufacture guideline (12).…”

Section: Extraction Of Bacterial Dna From Internal Organsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using T cell lymphokines of hyperimmunized chickens with Salmonella pullorum to protect layer hens against Salmonella pullorum infection

Al-Zuhariy¹

2022

IJVS

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Salmonella pullorum (SP) is well adapted to cause an acute systemic infection in hens with a high mortality rate. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a salmonella-immune lymphokine (SILK) produced by hyperimmunized pullets with Salmonella pullorum during the layer hens' production stage to boost their immune response against Salmonella pullorum infection. In this study, two groups of 25 pullets were used to produce lymphokines; the first group received three doses of the Salmonella pullorum vaccine at 12, 14, and 16 weeks, while the second group only received phosphate buffer saline (PBS), which served as the control. At 18 weeks, nonimmune lymphokines (NILK) were isolated from the T cells of the second group, and salmonella-immune lymphokines (SILK) were isolated from the T cells of the first group. Then, 100-layer hens (ISSA Brown), at 30 weeks old, which entered the production stage, were separated into four groups, each with 25 chickens. G1: infected with SP and treated with SILK. G2: infected with SP and treated with NILK. G3: untreated and SP-challenged G4: no treatment or challenge. The current study aimed to describe the host humoral immune responses to infection in serum samples and bacterial shedding in hens challenged with SP during 31-33 weeks by qPCR techniques. Internal organ bacterial loads were estimated to evaluate the persistence of bacteria. The results show that the spleen, liver, and caecal tonsils tested were positive for bacteria in both groups (G2, G3), proving that Salmonella was not eliminated from the birds and suggesting that internal organ colonization bacteria may act as a reservoir for ongoing bacterial shedding with low IgG titer in compared to G1 with extremely low persistence and high IgG titer in weeks 31, 32, and 33. The current investigation shows that using SILK provides layer hens with better homogenous protection against SP and less internal organ persistence.

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“…The department of pathology and poultry diseasescollege of veterinary medicine-University of Baghdad had an unpublished isolate of the H5N1 influenza virus (allantoic fluid). The ELD50 was determined to be 10 9.5 by a hemagglutination test in embryonated chicken eggs, which was then utilized to challenge in 100ELD50 10 7.5 using Reed and Muench's approach (15). The sample was kept until usage in a deep freezer at -80ºC.…”

Section: Prepared the Viral Inoculummentioning

confidence: 99%

Using T cell lymphokines of hyperimmunized chickens with Salmonella pullorum to enhance immune response of layer hens against avian influenza

Al-Zuhariy¹

2022

IJVS

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The current study used immune lymphokines from chickens that had been hyperimmunized with Salmonella pullorum to improve the resistance of layer hens at the production stage to AIV-type (H5N1) infected hens (SP). Two groups (each consisting of 25 pullets) were treated; the first group received three doses of SP vaccination at 12, 14, and 16 weeks; the second group received no vaccination and was used as a control group. At 18 weeks, the T cells of the first group released immune lymphokines (S-ILK), whereas the T cells of the second group produced non-immune lymphokines (N-ILK). The following procedures were then used on a total of 100-layer hens (ISSA brown), divided into four groups of 25 each. G1: S-ILK treatment and H5N1 challenge. G2: N-ILK treatment and H5N1 challenge. G3: Untreated and challenged to (H5N1). G4: untreated or unchallenged. Blood samples were obtained at 31, 32, and 33 weeks of age to assess the (IgG, IFN-γ). Additionally, lung and tracheal tissues were obtained to assess the viral load of influenza RNA copies at (7 and 14) days following the challenge. The experiment's findings indicated that the first group produced the highest mean (IgG and IFN-γ) titers and had the lowest mortality of the other groups. The findings of the viral load test showed that G2 and G3 had the highest number of influenza RNA copies and had significantly lower egg production than G1, which had the lowest viral load and kept egg production at a normal level. The conclusion of the current study shows that using SILK gives layer hens a higher level of homogeneous protection against AIV without any dangers during production.

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Contamination of Local Laying Hen’s Egg Shell with Salmonella Serotypes

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica from chicken products and human in Wasit Governorate of Iraq

Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica from chicken products and human in Wasit Governorate of Iraq

Using T cell lymphokines of hyperimmunized chickens with Salmonella pullorum to protect layer hens against Salmonella pullorum infection

Using T cell lymphokines of hyperimmunized chickens with Salmonella pullorum to enhance immune response of layer hens against avian influenza

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