Contamination of mural paintings by indoor airborne fungal spores

Nugari, Maria Pia; Realini, Marco; Roccardi, Ada

doi:10.1007/bf02066254

Cited by 39 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…These substances are particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation (Nieto-Fernández et al 2003). Species of dark Acremonium or Gliomastix have been implicated in the biodeterioration of wall paintings by several authors; e.g., cave wall paintings in the Lascaux cave in France (Orial and Mertz 2006;Orial et al 2009), indoor mural paintings in Europe (Nugari et al 1993), Ajanta wall paintings in India (Dhawan et al 1993), and Ozuka Tumulus paintings in Japan (Emoto and Emoto 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Molecular assessment of fungi in “black spots” that deface murals in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli in Japan: Acremonium sect. Gliomastix including Acremonium tumulicola sp. nov. and Acremonium felinum comb. nov

Kiyuna

Kigawa

et al. 2011

Mycoscience

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Molecular assessment of fungi in “black spots” that deface murals in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli in Japan: Acremonium sect. Gliomastix including Acremonium tumulicola sp. nov. and Acremonium felinum comb. nov

Kiyuna

Kigawa

et al. 2011

Mycoscience

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“…Species of dark Acremonium or Gliomastix have been implicated in the biodeterioration of wall paintings by several researchers. Examples include the cave wall paintings of Lascaux, France (Orial and Mertz, 2006;, indoor mural paintings in Europe (Nugari et al, 1993), Ajanta wall paintings in India (Dhawan et al, 1993), and Ozuka Tumulus paintings in Japan (Emoto and Emoto, 1974).…”

Section: -4 Acremonium Sect Gliomastixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphasic insights into the microbiomes of the Takamatsuzuka Tumulus and Kitora Tumulus

Sugiyama¹,

Kiyuna²,

Nishijima³

et al. 2017

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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Microbial outbreaks and related biodeterioration problems have affected the 1300-year-old multicolor (polychrome) mural paintings of the special historic sites Takamatsuzuka Tumulus (TT) and Kitora Tumulus (KT). Those of TT are designated as a national treasure. The microbiomes of these tumuli, both located in Asuka village, Nara, Japan, are critically reviewed as the central subject of this report. Using culture-dependent methods (conventional isolation and cultivation), we conducted polyphasic studies of the these microbial communities and identified the major microbial colonizers (Fusarium spp., Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., dark Acremonium spp., novel Candida yeast spp., Bacillus spp., Ochrobactrum spp., Stenotrophomonas tumulicola, and a few actinobacterial genera) and noteworthy microbial members (Kendrickiella phycomyces, Cephalotrichum verrucisporum (∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫Doratomyces verrucisporus), Sagenomella striatispora, Sagenomella griseoviridis, two novel Cladophialophora spp., Burgoa anomala, one novel species Prototheca tumulicola, five novel Gluconacetobacter spp., three novel Bordetella spp., and one novel genus and species Krasilnikoviella muralis) involved in the biodeterioration of mural paintings, plaster walls, and stone chamber interiors. In addition, we generated microbial community data from TT and KT samples using cultureindependent methods (molecular biological methods, including PCR-DGGE, clone libraries, and pyrosequence analysis). These data are comprehensively presented, in contrast to those derived from culture-dependent methods. Furthermore, the microbial communities detected using both methods are analytically compared, and, as a result, the complementary roles of these methods and approaches are highlighted. In related contexts, knowledge of similar biodeterioration problems affecting other prehistoric cave paintings, mainly at Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain, are referred to and commented upon. Based on substrate preferences (or ecological grouping) and mapping (plotting detection sites of isolates), we speculate on the possible origins and invasion routes whereby the major microbial colonizers invaded the TT stone chamber interior. Finally, concluding remarks, lessons, and future perspectives based on our microbiological surveys of these ancient tumuli, and similar treasures outside of Japan, are briefly presented. A list of the microbial taxa that have been identified and fully or briefly described by us as known and novel taxa for TT and KT isolates since 2008 is presented in Supplementary Materials. 64SUGIYAMA et al.

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“…Aerobiological investigations of cultural heritage sites may help to understand the process of biological degradation of artworks because the atmosphere is the main vehicle for the transportation and dispersion of microorganisms (Nugari et al 1993). Constituents of the bioaerosol in the atmosphere may originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources, including vegetation and soil (Lighthart and Shaffer 1994), vegetables (Bovallius et al 1978;Lindemann et al 1982;Lindemann and Upper 1985), animal feeding (Wilson et al 2002;Zucker et al 2000), and traffic (Lugauskas et al 2003;Sanchez-Moral et al 1999;Wu et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Diversity and seasonal dynamics of airborne bacteria in the Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, China

Wang

et al. 2011

Aerobiologia

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The aim of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic composition of the bacterial community in the air at the Mogao Grottoes (Dunhuang, China) using a culture-dependent molecular approach. The 16S rRNA genes were amplified directly from the isolates with universally conserved and bacteria-specific rRNA gene primers. The PCR products were screened by restriction fragment length polymorphism, and representative rRNA gene sequences were determined and sequenced. A total of 19 bacteria genera were identified among 49 bacterial sequence types. Phylogenetic sequence analyses revealed high diversity within the bacterial community. The most predominant bacteria were Janthinobacterium (14.91%), Pseudomonas (13.40%), Bacillus (11.25%), Sphingomonas (11.21%), Micrococcus (10.31%), Microbacterium (6.92%), Caulobacter (6.31%), and Roseomonas (5.85%). The composition of bacterial communities differed greatly between different sites and at different times. The distribution of various bacteria was mainly affected by climatic parameters and human activities. These findings suggested that the opening of this cultural heritage site to visitors should be controlled and that maintaining the cave's natural climatic conditions would aid the conservation and management of the grottoes' paintings.

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Contamination of mural paintings by indoor airborne fungal spores

Cited by 39 publications

References 1 publication

Molecular assessment of fungi in “black spots” that deface murals in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli in Japan: Acremonium sect. Gliomastix including Acremonium tumulicola sp. nov. and Acremonium felinum comb. nov

Molecular assessment of fungi in “black spots” that deface murals in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli in Japan: Acremonium sect. Gliomastix including Acremonium tumulicola sp. nov. and Acremonium felinum comb. nov

Polyphasic insights into the microbiomes of the Takamatsuzuka Tumulus and Kitora Tumulus

Diversity and seasonal dynamics of airborne bacteria in the Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, China

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