Contamination of the Freshwater Ecosystem by Pesticides

Cope, Oliver B.

doi:10.2307/2401442

Cited by 68 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…While this threat is ubiquitous as a risk to biodiversity in nearly all biomes and freshwater ecosystem types on Earth, it is likely to be augmented or exacerbated as new threats emerge (see Section V.12). For example, while water pollution is well established in the degradation of freshwater ecosystems (Cope, ), the pollutants and processes involved are changing rapidly (see Section V.6). The Earth's surface under land management with high pollution risk (e.g.…”

Section: Persistent Threats To Freshwater Biodiversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity

et al. 2018

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In the 12 years since Dudgeon et al. (2006) reviewed major pressures on freshwater ecosystems, the biodiversity crisis in the world's lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams and wetlands has deepened. While lakes, reservoirs and rivers cover only 2.3% of the Earth's surface, these ecosystems host at least 9.5% of the Earth's described animal species. Furthermore, using the World Wide Fund for Nature's Living Planet Index, freshwater population declines (83% between 1970 and 2014) continue to outpace contemporaneous declines in marine or terrestrial systems. The Anthropocene has brought multiple new and varied threats that disproportionately impact freshwater systems. We document 12 emerging threats to freshwater biodiversity that are either entirely new since 2006 or have since intensified: (i) changing climates; (ii) e-commerce and invasions; (iii) infectious diseases; (iv) harmful algal blooms; (v) expanding hydropower; (vi) emerging contaminants; (vii) engineered nanomaterials; (viii) microplastic pollution; (ix) light and noise; (x) freshwater salinisation; (xi) declining calcium; and (xii) cumulative stressors. Effects are evidenced for amphibians, fishes, invertebrates, microbes, plants, turtles and waterbirds, with potential for ecosystem-level changes through bottom-up and top-down processes. In our highly uncertain future, the net effects of these threats raise serious concerns for freshwater ecosystems. However, we also highlight opportunities for conservation gains as a result of novel management tools (e.g. environmental flows, environmental DNA) and specific conservation-oriented actions (e.g. dam removal, habitat protection policies, managed relocation of species) that have been met with varying levels of success. Moving forward, we advocate hybrid approaches that manage fresh waters as crucial ecosystems for human life support as well as essential hotspots of biodiversity and ecological function. Efforts to reverse global trends in freshwater degradation now depend on bridging an immense gap between the aspirations of conservation biologists and the accelerating rate of species endangerment.

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Section: Persistent Threats To Freshwater Biodiversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity

et al. 2018

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“…The reports are sorted according to the insecticide compound; for a given compound detections in water are listed first, followed by detections in suspended particles and sediments. There are numerous studies published before 1982 that are not included in Table 1, most of them dealing with organochlorine insecticides (e.g., Bradley et al, 1972; Cope, 1966; Croll, 1969; Gorbach et al, 1971; Greichus et al, 1977; Greve, 1972; Heckman, 1981; Herzel, 1971; Jackson et al, 1974; Kuhr et al, 1974; Miles, 1976; Miles and Harris, 1971, 1973; Pollero et al, 1976; Richard et al, 1975). Ramesh et al (1991) gave a short overview of exemplary studies on organochlorine contamination in surface waters.…”

Section: Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Field Studies on Exposure, Effects, and Risk Mitigation of Aquatic Nonpoint‐Source Insecticide Pollution: A Review

Schulz¹

2004

J of Env Quality

336

254

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Recently, much attention has been focused on insecticides as a group of chemicals combining high toxicity to invertebrates and fishes with low application rates, which complicates detection in the field. Assessment of these chemicals is greatly facilitated by the description and understanding of exposure, resulting biological effects, and risk mitigation strategies in natural surface waters under field conditions due to normal farming practice. More than 60 reports of insecticide-compound detection in surface waters due to agricultural nonpoint-source pollution have been published in the open literature during the past 20 years, about one-third of them having been undertaken in the past 3.5 years. Recent reports tend to concentrate on specific routes of pesticide entry, such as runoff, but there are very few studies on spray drift-borne contamination. Reported aqueous-phase insecticide concentrations are negatively correlated with the catchment size and all concentrations of > 10 microg/L (19 out of 133) were found in smaller-scale catchments (< 100 km2). Field studies on effects of insecticide contamination often lack appropriate exposure characterization. About 15 of the 42 effect studies reviewed here revealed a clear relationship between quantified, non-experimental exposure and observed effects in situ, on abundance, drift, community structure, or dynamics. Azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan were frequently detected at levels above those reported to reveal effects in the field; however, knowledge about effects of insecticides in the field is still sparse. Following a short overview of various risk mitigation or best management practices, constructed wetlands and vegetated ditches are described as a risk mitigation strategy that have only recently been established for agricultural insecticides. Although only 11 studies are available, the results in terms of pesticide retention and toxicity reduction are very promising. Based on the reviewed literature, recommendations are made for future research activities.

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“…If toxicants were sorbed in mud, Chironomine larvae were susceptible, the tubedwelling forms being more affected than Tanypodinae or Orthocladinae. COPE (1966) found the amount of dichlobenil in water after treatment with granules for aquatic weed control to be 0.6 p.p.m., with four to ten p.p.m. in three species of fish after 30 days exposure.…”

Section: Use In Watermentioning

confidence: 97%

Residue Reviews

1971

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Contamination of the Freshwater Ecosystem by Pesticides

Cited by 68 publications

References 26 publications

Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity

Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity

Field Studies on Exposure, Effects, and Risk Mitigation of Aquatic Nonpoint‐Source Insecticide Pollution: A Review

Residue Reviews

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