Contamination of water supplies with Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia and diarrheal illness in selected Russian cities

Egorov, Andrey I.; Paulauskis, Joseph; Petrova, L; Tereschenko, Andrey; Drizhd, Nina; Ford, Tim

doi:10.1078/1438-4639-00153

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, in both communities, the mean free-chlorine residual levels at intermediate points within the system did at times drop below Health Canada and WHO 0.2 mg/l suggested levels (LeChevallier et al, 1996;WHO, 1997;Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water, 2007), especially in Rigolet. Other studies have linked low chlorine residuals levels with cases of self-reported diarrhoea (Semenza et al, 1998;Egorov et al, 2002). Furthermore, increased turbidity can complicate or overwhelm water treatment approaches (Hunter, 2003;Arias et al, 2006), thereby increasing the risk of waterborne disease (Aramini et al, 2000;Schwartz et al, 2000;Schuster et al, 2005;Arias et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Weather, Water Quality and Infectious Gastrointestinal Illness in Two Inuit Communities in Nunatsiavut, Canada: Potential Implications for Climate Change

et al. 2011

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Climate change is expected to cause changes in precipitation quantity, intensity, frequency and duration, which will subsequently alter environmental conditions and might increase the risk of waterborne disease. The objective of this study was to describe the seasonality of and explore associations between weather, water quality and occurrence of infectious gastrointestinal illnesses (IGI) in two communities in Nunatsiavut, Canada. Weather data were obtained from meteorological stations in Nain (2005-2008) and Rigolet (2008). Free-chlorine residual levels in drinking water were extracted from municipal records (2005-2008). Raw surface water was tested weekly for total coliform and E. coli counts. Daily counts of IGI-related clinic visits were obtained from health clinic registries (2005-2008). Analysis of weather and health variables included seasonal-trend decomposition procedures based on Loess. Multivariable zero-inflated Poisson regression was used to examine potential associations between weather events (considering 0-4 week lag periods) and IGI-related clinic visits. In Nain, water volume input (rainfall + snowmelt) peaked in spring and summer and was positively associated with levels of raw water bacteriological variables. The number of IGI-related clinic visits peaked in the summer and fall months. Significant positive associations were observed between high levels of water volume input 2 and 4 weeks prior, and IGI-related clinic visits (P < 0.05). This study is the first to systematically gather, analyse and compare baseline data on weather, water quality and health in Nunatsiavut, and illustrates the need for high quality temporal baseline information to allow for detection of future impacts of climate change on regional Inuit human and environmental health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Weather, Water Quality and Infectious Gastrointestinal Illness in Two Inuit Communities in Nunatsiavut, Canada: Potential Implications for Climate Change

et al. 2011

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“…To our knowledge, ETEC is the most commonly found TD pathogen worldwide, while EAEC, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Norovirus have been reported less frequently (4, 5, 11, 12). Some reports have described intestinal protozoa such as Giardia lamblia , Entamoeba histolytica , Cyclospora species and Cryptosporidium species as pathogens in 0%-17% of cases of TD (13-16). However, infection of protozoa was not included in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Characteristics and Etiology of Travelers' Diarrhea among Korean Travelers Visiting South-East Asia

et al. 2011

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The morbidity of travelers' diarrhea (TD) is still high. This study examined the incidence of common pathogens and characteristics of TD among Korean travelers who visited South-East Asian countries. We performed a prospective study involving 479 Korean travelers with diarrheal disease from February 2009 to April 2009 and stool samples were examined and questionnaire surveys were done after arrival. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was found in 36.0% of TD cases, as were the following: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) in 27.0%, Vibrio parahaemolyticus in 13.1%, and Norovirus in 11.5%. The detected rate of classic TD was higher in men (P = 0.007), in patients who had a shorter duration trip (P = 0.023) and in patients who drank more than 1 liter of water per day (P = 0.037). Positive stool culture rates were higher in men (P = 0.005), in hospitalized patients (P = 0.013). and in those who consumed impure water or raw foods (P = 0.033). A higher severity of disease corresponded to a significantly higher culture positivity rate (P = 0.029). We should consider the possibility of other pathogens in addition to ETEC in patients with TD who visit South-East Asia. Travelers need to educate about risk factors associated with TD.

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“…Giardia is a very common pathogen in some places [28], although it is a cosmopolitan protozoa. The diagnostic of E. histolytica is still problematic due to the fact that microscopically it is indistinguishable from the non-pathogenic Entamoeba dispar , and probably the diagnosis of amebiasis in travelers is overestimated.…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathophysiology of Traveler’s Diarrhea

Gascón¹

2006

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Traveler’s diarrhea (TD) is the most frequent health problem in travelers to developing countries. Several personal and environmental risk factors are at the basis of TD acquisition and are discussed in this paper. TD is caused by a wide range of infectious organisms, ETEC and EAEC bacteria strains being the main enteropathogens incriminated in TD. Other causative bacteria are: Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Salmonella spp., and Plesiomonas spp. Parasite species are also included: Cyclospora cayetanensis, Giardia lamblia, Crystosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, as well as viruses: rotavirus, adenovirus, Norwalk virus. Due to the great diversity of pathogens incriminated, several pathophysiological mechanisms have been described and some of them are still poorly understood. The clinical symptoms present are also quite variable, although inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrhea have been established as a classical and basic classification of diarrhea.

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Contamination of water supplies with Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia and diarrheal illness in selected Russian cities

Cited by 26 publications

References 23 publications

Weather, Water Quality and Infectious Gastrointestinal Illness in Two Inuit Communities in Nunatsiavut, Canada: Potential Implications for Climate Change

Weather, Water Quality and Infectious Gastrointestinal Illness in Two Inuit Communities in Nunatsiavut, Canada: Potential Implications for Climate Change

Clinical Characteristics and Etiology of Travelers' Diarrhea among Korean Travelers Visiting South-East Asia

Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathophysiology of Traveler’s Diarrhea

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