Contemporary outcomes after pericardial window surgery: impact of operative technique

Abstract

BackgroundThe optimal window procedure for drainage of a large pericardial effusion has yet to be established. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes associated with the subxiphoid and thoracotomy pericardial window techniques, with a focus on perioperative pain and effusion recurrence rates.MethodsA retrospective single-center observational study of all pericardial window operations was performed, with the incision based on surgeon preference. Perioperative data was recorded including time to extubation, narcotic requirements, and the development of a recurrent pericardial effusion.ResultsFrom 2002 to 2015, 179 patients with a large pericardial effusion underwent either a subxiphoid (n = 127) or left anterior mini-thoracotomy (n = 52) pericardial window procedure. Patients (mean age 73.2 years, 56 % female) had a high incidence of previous malignancy (49 %), chronic anticoagulation (34 %), recent infection (26 %), or renal failure (18 %). Cardiac tamponade was present in 50 %, and 12 % had undergone previous pericardiocentesis. Comparing the two techniques, there was no difference in the amount of fluid drained or in the perioperative mortality rate. Postoperatively, patients who had the subxiphoid approach required less time before extubation (P = 0.002) and needed less narcotics within 48 h after surgery (P = 0.0001) compared to thoracotomy patients. However, patients treated with the subxiphoid technique more often developed recurrent moderate or large pericardial effusions (P = 0.02), and there was a trend towards more repeat operations needed (P = 0.15).ConclusionPericardial window surgery via a subxiphoid incision is associated with less postoperative pain and faster time to extubation. However, the thoracotomy approach may be more effective at preventing effusion recurrence and the need for repeat surgery.

Pericardial effusion with tamponade: bedside ultrasonography saves another life

“…Within surgical interventions to evacuate the fluid exists the subxiphoid and thoracotomy techniques. While some studies have suggested respiratory complications associated with the thoracotomy approach, both are generally accepted for removing fluid buildup [7].…”

Massive Hemorrhagic Pericardial Effusion With Cardiac Tamponade as Initial Manifestation of Mixed Connective Tissue Disease

“…Due to the recurrence of the pericardial effusion in our patient, which is a known and common complication of pericardiocentesis, a subxiphoid pericardial window was made which offers a more definitive management. There are currently two techniques for pericardial windows, the subxiphoid such as in this case, which involves approaching the pericardium under the xiphoid process of the sternum, and the thoracotomy technique which comprises access to the pericardium through an incision in the left fifth intercostal space [ 15 ].…”

Case report of refractory pericardial effusion associated with lymphatic fistula due to surgical injury during sternotomy

“…[ 3 ] However, paper have shown that exploratory thoracotomy may be more effective in preventing refractory pericardial effusion. [ 7 ]…”