“…Skyscrapers have become the new dominants of cities, glorifying the era of capitalism, but also appearing in totalitarian systems, also for symbolic reasons, especially in the Soviet Union and its subordinate states (Złowodzki, 2020). Thus, in the urban composition (Lynch, 2011;Wejchert, 1974), they have often replaced the existing dominants and landmarks, changing the panoramas of many centres around the world, also in Europe, full of historic urban structures (Czyńska, 2009;Czyńska, 2014;Czyńska, 2015;Kantarek, 2013;Gyurkovich, 2016a;Guranowska-Gruszecka, 2020;Gzell, 2020).…”