Contemporary Strategies and Current Trends in Designing Antiviral Drugs against Dengue Fever via Targeting Host-Based Approaches

Abstract

Dengue virus (DENV) is an arboviral human pathogen transmitted through mosquito bite that infects an estimated ~400 million humans (~5% of the global population) annually. To date, no specific therapeutics have been developed that can prevent or treat infections resulting from this pathogen. DENV utilizes numerous host molecules and factors for transcribing the single-stranded ~11 kb positive-sense RNA genome. For example, the glycosylation machinery of the host is required for viral particles to assemble in the endoplasmic reticulum. Since a variety of host factors seem to be utilized by the pathogens, targeting these factors may result in DENV inhibitors, and will play an important role in attenuating the rapid emergence of other flaviviruses. Many experimental studies have yielded findings indicating that host factors facilitate infection, indicating that the focus should be given to targeting the processes contributing to pathogenesis along with many other immune responses. Here, we provide an extensive literature review in order to elucidate the progress made in the development of host-based approaches for DENV viral infections, focusing on host cellular mechanisms and factors responsible for viral replication, aiming to aid the potential development of host-dependent antiviral therapeutics.

Designing a multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: an immunoinformatics approach

“…The over-activation of T-cells causes injury to the immune system of the infected patients resulting in the characteristic feature of ‘Lymphopenia’ increasing the disease severity. In contrast, less effective T-cell responses may allow the progression of viral pathology and thus increased mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients (Ahammad et al., 2019 ; Xu et al., 2020 ). The CD4+ and CD8+ responses provide a long-lasting protection against COVID-19 (Enayatkhani et al., 2020 ).…”

Awareness About Medical Applications Of Ql-47 Among Dental Students

“…The following preferred position is that hostdirected antivirals may have more extensive range antiviral movement on the off chance that they target forms regularly used by various viruses. They revealed the structure-action relationship (SAR) examinations of QL-XII-47 (QL47), a compound with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against dengue infection and other RNA infections and inished up QL47 is a powerful inhibitor of viral interpretation and showed cellular antiviral activity at 35-overlay lower ixations comparative with the hindrance of host-cell proliferation (Liang et al, 2017;Ahammad et al, 2019). QL47 can repress protein biosynthesis started by both sanctioned top driven and non-accepted commencement procedures, no doubt by focusing on an early advance in interpretation stretching (Hu et al, 2019).…”

Roles of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Dengue Pathogenesis: From Pathogenic Factor to Therapeutic Target

“…Excessive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm) induced by DENV infection may trigger robust innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to plasma leakage, hemorrhage, and coagulopathy in DHF/DSS patients. Appropriate regulation of host immunity provides different insights into therapeutic targets, including host restriction factors, host dependency factors, and host-mediated pathogenesis pathways [97,98]. Compared with viral targets, host-targeting antiviral approaches are believed to avoid rapid drug resistance or mutations that arise during viral evolution.…”